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Fa…hien's narrative。 E。 H。； pp。 108 and 46。
＇3＇ The Chinese character is ｛。｝； 〃formerly；〃 and is often； as in the first sentence of the narrative； simply equivalent to that adverb。 At other times it means； as here； 〃in a former age；〃 some pre…existent state in the time of a former birth。 The incident related is 〃a Jataka story。〃
＇4＇ It occurs at once to the translator to render the characters ｛。｝ ｛。｝ by 〃changed himself to。〃 Such is often their meaning in the sequel； but their use in chapter xxiv may be considered as a crucial test of the meaning which I have given them here。
＇5＇ That is； had become Buddha； or completed his course ｛。｝ ｛。｝。
＇6＇ This seems to be the contribution of ｛。｝ （or ｛。｝）； to the force of the binomial ｛。｝ ｛。｝； which is continually occurring。
CHAPTER X
GANDHARA。 LEGENDS OF BUDDHA。
The travellers； going downwards from this towards the east； in five days came to the country of Gandhara；＇1＇ the place where Dharma… vivardhana；＇2＇ the son of Asoka；＇3＇ ruled。 When Buddha was a Bodhisattva； he gave his eyes also for another man here；＇4＇ and at the spot they have also reared a large tope； adorned with layers of gold and silver plates。 The people of the country were mostly students of the hinayana。
NOTES
＇1＇ Eitel says 〃an ancient kingdom； corresponding to the region about Dheri and Banjour。〃 But see note 5。
＇2＇ Dharma…vivardhana is the name in Sanskrit； represented by the Fa Yi ｛。｝ ｛。｝ of the text。
＇3＇ Asoka is here mentioned for the first time；the Constantine of the Buddhist society； and famous for the number of viharas and topes which he erected。 He was the grandson of Chandragupta （i。q。 Sandracottus）； a rude adventurer； who at one time was a refugee in the camp of Alexander the Great； and within about twenty years afterwards drove the Greeks out of India； having defeated Seleucus； the Greek ruler of the Indus provinces。 He had by that time made himself king of Magadha。 His grandson was converted to Buddhism by the bold and patient demeanour of an Arhat whom he had ordered to be buried alive； and became a most zealous supporter of the new faith。 Dr。 Rhys Davids （Sacred Books of the East； vol。 xi； p。 xlvi） says that 〃Asoka's coronation can be fixed with absolute certainty within a year or two either way of 267 B。C。〃
＇4＇ This also is a Jataka story； but Eitel thinks it may be a myth； constructed from the story of the blinding of Dharma…vivardhana。
CHAPTER XI
TAKSHASILA。 LEGENDS。 THE FOUR GREAT TOPES。
Seven days' journey from this to the east brought the travellers to the kingdom of Takshasila；＇1＇ which means 〃the severed head〃 in the language of China。 Here； when Buddha was a Bodhisattva； he gave away his head to a man；＇2＇ and from this circumstance the kingdom got its name。
Going on further for two days to the east； they came to the place where the Bodhisattva threw down his body to feed a starving tigress。＇2＇ In these two places also large topes have been built； both adorned with layers of all the precious substances。 The kings； ministers； and peoples of the kingdoms around vie with one another in making offerings at them。 The trains of those who come to scatter flowers and light lamps at them never cease。 The nations of those quarters all those （and the other two mentioned before） 〃the four great topes。〃
NOTES
＇1＇ See Julien's 〃Methode pour dechiffrer et transcrire les Nomes Sanscrits；〃 p。 206。 Eitel says； 〃The Taxila of the Greeks； the region near Hoosun Abdaul in lat。 35d 48s N。； lon。 72d 44s E。 But this identification； I am satisfied； is wrong。 Cunningham； indeed； takes credit （〃Ancient Geography of India；〃 pp。 108； 109） for determining this to be the site of Arrian's Taxila；in the upper Punjab； still existing in the ruins of Shahdheri； between the Indus and Hydaspes （the modern Jhelum）。 So far he may be correct； but the Takshasila of Fa…hien was on the other； or western side of the Indus； and between the river and Gandhara。 It took him； indeed； seven days travelling eastwards to reach it； but we do not know what stoppages he may have made on the way。 We must be wary in reckoning distances from his specifications of days。
＇2＇ Two Jataka stories。 See the account of the latter in Spence Hardy's 〃Manual of Buddhism；〃 pp。 91； 92。 It took place when Buddha had been born as a Brahman in the village of Daliddi； and from the merit of the act； he was next born in a devaloka。
CHAPTER XII
PURUSHAPURA； OR PESHAWUR。 PROPHECY ABOUT KING KANISHKA AND HIS TOPE。 BUDDHA'S ALMS…BOWL。 DEATH OF HWUY…YING。
Going southwards from Gandhara； （the travellers） in four days arrived at the kingdom of Purushapura。＇1＇ Formerly； when Buddha was travelling in this country with his disciples； he said to Ananda；＇2＇ 〃After my pari…nirvana；＇3＇ there will be a king named Kanishka；＇4＇ who shall on this spot build a tope。〃 This Kanishka was afterwards born into the world； and （once）； when he had gone forth to look about him； Sakra； Ruler of Devas； wishing to excite the idea in his mind； assumed the appearance of a little herd…boy； and was making a tope right in the way （of the king）； who asked what sort of thing he was making。 The boy said； 〃I am making a tope for Buddha。〃 The king said； 〃Very good；〃 and immediately； right over the boy's tope； he （proceeded to） rear another； which was more than four hundred cubits high； and adorned with layers of all the precious substances。 Of all the topes and temples which （the travellers） saw in their journeyings； there was not one comparable to this in solemn beauty and majestic grandeur。 There is a current saying that this is the finest tope in Jambudvipa。＇5＇ When the king's tope was completed； the little tope （of the boy） came out from its side on the south； rather more than three cubits in height。
Buddha's alms…bowl is in this country。 Formerly； a king of Yueh…she＇6＇ raised a large force and invaded this country； wishing to carry the bowl away。 Having subdued the kingdom； as he and his captains were sincere believers in the Law of Buddha； and wished to carry off the bowl； they proceeded to present their offerings on a great scale。 When they had done so to the Three Precious Ones； he made a large elephant be grandly caparisoned； and placed the bowl upon it。 But the elephant knelt down on the ground； and was unable to go forward。 Again he caused a four…wheeled waggon to be prepared in which the bowl was put to be conveyed away。 Eight elephants were then yoked to it； and dragged it with their united strength； but neither were they able to go forward。 The king knew that the time for an association between himself and the bowl had not yet arrived；＇7＇ and was sad and deeply ashamed of himself。 Forthwith he built a tope at the place and a monastery； and left a guard to watch （the bowl）； making all sorts of contributions。
There may be there more than seven hundred monks。 When it is near midday； they bring out the bowl； and； along with the common people；＇8＇ make their various offerings to it； after which they take their midday meal。 In the evening； at the time of incense； they bring the bowl out again。＇9＇ It may contain rather more than two pecks； and is of various colours； black predominating； with the seams that show its fourfold compo