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stored the country to the Hindus； raising to be rajah and minister respectively the two brothers who had formerly been minister and treasurer。 These were Harihara I。 （〃Hukka〃） and Bukka I。
The First Vijayanagar Dynasty
＇The following shows the pedigree of this dynasty as given in the EPIGRAPHIA INDICA （iii。 p。 36）。 Inscriptions not yet satisfactorily examined will probably add to the information given。＇
CHAPTER 3
The First Kings （A。D。 1336 to 1379）
Rapid acquisition of territory Reign of Harihara I。 Check to Muhammadan aggression Reign of Bukka I。 Kampa and Sangama？ The Bahmani kingdom established； 1347 Death of Nagadeva of Warangal Vijayanagar's first great war Massacres by Muhammad Bahmani Battle at Adoni； 1366 Flight of Bukka Mujahid's war； 1375 He visits the Malabar coast Siege of Vijayanagar Extension of territory Death of Mujahid； 1378。
The city of Vijayanagar； thus founded about the year 1335； speedily grew in importance and became the refuge of the outcasts； refugees； and fighting men of the Hindus； beaten and driven out of their old strongholds by the advancing Muhammadans。
The first rulers of Vijayanagar； however； did not dare to call themselves kings； nor did even the Brahmans do so who composed the text of their early inscriptions。 It is for this reason that I have spoken of Harihara I。 and Bukka I。 as 〃Chiefs。〃 The inscription referred to of Harihara in 1340 calls him 〃Hariyappa VODEYA；〃 the former name being less honourable than 〃Harihara；〃 and the latter definitely entitling him to rank only as a chieftain。 Moreover； the Sanskrit title given him is MAHAMANDALESVARA； which may be translated 〃great lord〃 not king。 And the same is the case with his successor； Bukka； in two inscriptions；＇32＇ one of which is dated in 1353。 Already in 1340 Harihara is said to have been possessed of very large territories； and he was the acknowledged overlord of villages as far north as the Kaladgi district； north of the Malprabha； a country that had been overrun by Muhammad Taghlaq。 That this was not a mere empty boast is shown by the fact that a fort was built in that year at Badami by permission of Harihara。
And thus we see the first chief of Vijayanagar quietly； and perhaps peacefully； acquiring great influence and extensive possessions。 These so rapidly increased that Bukka's successor； Harihara II。； styles himself RAJADHIRAJA； 〃king of kings；〃 or emperor。
But to revert to the first king Harihara； or； as Nuniz calls him； 〃Dehorao；〃 for DEVA RAYA。 He reigned； according to our chronicle； seven years； 〃and did nothing therein but pacify the kingdom； which he left in complete tranquillity。〃 His death； if this be so； would have taken place about the year 1343。 Nuniz relates that he founded a temple in honour of the Brahman hermit； his protector。 This was the great temple at Hampe close to the river； which is still in full preservation and is the only one among the massive shrines erected at the capital in which worship is still carried on； the others were remorselessly wrecked and destroyed by the Muhammadans in 1565。 As already stated； the traveller Ibn Batuta refers to this king under the name of 〃Haraib〃 or 〃Harib〃 in or about the year 1342。 If the traditions collated by Nuniz； according to which Harihara I。 lived at peace during the seven years of his reign； be true； his death must have occurred before 1344； because in that year； as we learn from other sources； Krishna； son of Pratapa Rudra of Warangal； took refuge at Vijayanagar； and； in concert with its king and with the surviving Ballala princes of Dvarasamudra； drove back the Muhammadans； rescued for a time part of the Southern Dakhan country； and prepared the way for the overthrow of the sovereignty of Delhi south of the Vindhyas。 I take it； therefore； that Harihara died in or about the year A。D。 1343。
As to his having reigned quietly； I know of only one statement to the contrary。 An inscription of Samgama II。 recording a grant in 1356； and referred to below； states that Harihara I。 〃defeated the Sultan；〃 but perhaps this only alludes to the fact that Muhammad Taghlaq had to abandon his hold on the country。
The next king was Harihara's brother； Bukka I。 （〃Bucarao〃）； and according to Nuniz he reigned thirty…seven years； conquering in that time all the kingdoms of the south； even including Orissa （Orya）。 Without laying too much stress on conquests by force of arms； it seems certain that most if not all Southern India submitted to his rule； probably only too anxious to secure a continuance of Hindu domination in preference to the despotism of the hated followers of Islam。＇33＇ According to the chronicle； therefore； the death of Bukka I。； as we must call him； took place about the year A。D。 1380。 As to inscriptions of his reign； Dr。 Hultzsch＇34＇ mentions that they cover the period from about 1354 to 1371； while the first inscription of his successor； Harihara II。； is dated in 1379。＇35＇ If； then； we assume that Bukka I。 reigned till 1379； we find the chronicle so far accurate that Bukka I。 did in fact reign thirty…six years； though not thirty…seven A。D。 1343 to 1379。
But meanwhile we have another story from an inscription on copper…plates which is to be seen preserved in the Collector's office at Nellore。＇36＇ It has been carefully edited by Mr。 H。 Krishna Sastri。 According to this it would appear that Bukka I。； who undoubtedly was a man of war； usurped the throne。 It asserts that the father of Harihara I。； who was named Samgama； had five sons。 The eldest was Harihara himself； the second Kampa； and the third Bukka。 We want to know who succeeded Harihara。 There is extant an inscription of Bukka dated in 1354； and there is this Nellore inscription dated in 1356。 The latter comes from a far…off country near the eastern coast； and it relates that Kampa succeeded Harihara； and that Samgama II。； son of Kampa； succeeded his father； and granted a village in the Nellore district to the Brahmans on a date which corresponds to May 3； A。D。 1356。 It implies that Samgama had succeeded his father Kampa exactly a year previous to the grant。 Thus it claims that Kampa was king from 1343 to 1355。 We know nothing more of this； and there is only one other document at present known to exist which was executed in the reign either of Kampa or of Samgama This is alluded to by Mr。 Krishna Sastri； who refers us to the colophon of the MADHAVIYA DHATUVRITTI； according to which its author； Sayanacharya； uterine brother of the great Madhavacharya； was minister to king Samgama； son of Kampa。 The only possible inference is that the succession to Harihara was disputed； and that somehow Bukka got the upper hand and at least as early as 1354 declared himself king； afterwards claiming to have immediately succeeded Harihara。 It will be seen farther on that in almost every case the kingdom was racked with dissension on the demise of the sovereign； and that year after year the members of the reigning family were subjected to violence and murder in order that one or other of them might establish himself as head of the State。
On the assumption； therefore； that the reign of Bukka I。 lasted from 1343 to 1379； we turn to Firishtah to learn what were this king's re