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I have given the whole of this story in this place because it runs as a consecutive series of events in the original Muhammadan account。 But it really covers a period of at least twenty…one years； for the narrative begins shortly after the beginning of Quli's reign （1512）； and ends with Ismail's death （1534）。 We are left； therefore； entirely in the dark as to the exact years referred to。 But there are some points of agreement between our authorities。 It is certain that Krishna Deva took Kondavid in A。D。 1515； and fought battles in the neighbourhood in the following year； and though Nuniz asserts that he took Kondavid from the king of Orissa； he also alludes to the presence of armed bodies of Muhammadans in that tract opposed to the Hindus。
With these remarks we return to Vijayanagar history。
From 1516 to 1520 we have no records from Hindu sources to guide us as to events at the capital。
The Portuguese traded on the coast； and there were some fights with the neighbouring Hindu chiefs； but they seem to have affected the capital but little； the foreigners were generally on friendly terms with the suzerain at Vijayanagar； and so far as he was concerned were welcome to consolidate their commerce； since he benefited largely by the import of horses and other requisites。 The rest of his dominions were tranquil and the inhabitants obedient to his rule。
The whole country was divided out so Nuniz tells us； and his account is confirmed by other evidence into governorships。 Each chief was allowed entire independence in the territory allotted to him so long as he maintained the quota of horse； foot； and elephants； the maintenance of which was the price of his possession； in perfect readiness for immediate action； and paid his annual tribute to the sovereign。 Failing these he was liable to instant ejection； as the king was lord of all and the nobles held only by his goodwill。
But during this period of peace the king made extensive preparations for a grand attack on the territory between the rivers； the ever…debatable land which for nearly two centuries had been the subject of dispute between his predecessors and their northern neighbours。 His objective was the city of Raichur； then under the Muhammadans；＇213＇ and when all was ready he marched to the attack with an immense force。
This event requires a chapter to itself。
CHAPTER 11
The Siege and Battle of Raichur； and Close of Krishna's Reign （A。D。 1520 to 1530）
The date of the siege Evidence of Castanheda； Correa； Barros； Faria y Souza； Osorio； Lafitau； Firishtah Ruy de Mello and the mainlands of Goa Immense numbers engaged Firishtah's story of the fight Portuguese present Christovao de Figueiredo Political effects of the Hindu victory； and the events that followed it The mainlands of Goa。
I shall ask my readers to turn for an account of the great battle and siege of Raichur to the narrative of Nuniz；＇214＇ whose description is so full and so vivid that it may well be allowed to stand by itself。 It is only necessary for me to add a few notes。
The following is a short summary of the story：
Krishna Deva Raya； having determine to attack the Adil Shah and once for all to capture the disputed fortress of Raichur； collected all his forces； and marched with an immense host from Vijayanagar in a north…easterly direction。 It was the dry season； and he probably set out in February or March。 The weather must have been intensely hot during his advance； and still more so during the campaign； but the cotton plains that lay on his route out and home were then in the best condition for the passage of his troops； guns； and baggage。 His enormous army consisted of about a million of men； if the camp…followers be included； for the fighting men alone； according to Nuniz； numbered about 736；000； with 550 elephants。 The troops advanced in eleven great divisions or army corps； and other troops joined him before Raichur。
He pitched his camp on the eastern side of that citadel； invested the place； and began a regular siege。 After an interval he received intelligence of the arrival of the Adil Shah from Bijapur； on the north side of the Krishna； with an army of 140；000 horse and foot to oppose him。
Having for a few days rested his troops； the Sultan crossed the river； advanced （according to Nuniz） to within nine miles of Raichur； and there entrenched himself； leaving the river about five miles in his rear。＇215＇ Firishtah； however； differs； and says that the Muhammadan forces crossed directly in face of the Hindu army encamped on the opposite bank。
On Saturday morning； May 19； in the year A。D。 1520； according to my deductions； the forces became engaged； and a decisive pitched battle was fought。 Krishna Deva； making no attempt to outflank his adversary； ordered an advance to his immediate front of his two forward divisions。 Their attack was so far successful that they drove the Muhammadans back to their trenches。 The Sultan had apparently deployed his force over too wide an area； expecting that the Raya would do the same； but finding himself weak in the centre he opened fire from the guns that he had previously held in reserve； and by this means caused great loss in the close ranks of the Hindus。 The Raya's troops fell back in face of this formidable bombardment； and at once their enemies charged them。 The retreat was changed to a rout； and for a mile and a half to their direct front the Mussulman cavalry chased the flying forces belonging to Krishna Deva's first line。 The king himself； who commanded the second line； began to despair of victory； but rallied his troops； collected about him a number of his nobles； and determined to face death with the bravery that had always characterised him。 Mounting his horse； he ordered a forward movement of the whole of his remaining divisions； and charged the now disordered ranks of the Mussulmans。 This resulted in complete success； for the enemy； scattered and unable to form； fled before his impetuous onslaught。 He drove them the whole way back to； and into； the river； where terrific slaughter took place； and their entire army was put to flight。
The Raya then crossed the river and seized the Shah's camp； while the Shah himself； by the counsel and help of Asada Khan； a man who afterwards became very famous； escaped only with his life； and fled from the field on an elephant。
While being driven back towards the river； Salabat Khan； the Shah's general； made a valiant attempt to retrieve the fortunes of the day。 He had for his bodyguard 500 Portuguese 〃renegades；〃 and with him these men threw themselves into the advancing ranks of the Hindus； where they 〃did such wonderful deeds〃 that ever after they were remembered。 They penetrated the king's host； and cut their way forwards till they almost reached his person。 Here Salabat Khan lost his horse； but at once mounted another and pressed on。 The little force was； however； surrounded and annihilated； and the general； being a second time overthrown； horse and all； was made prisoner。
The spoil was great and the result decisive。 For years afterwards the 〃Moors〃 cherished a wholesome dread of Krishna Raya and his valiant troops； and the Sultan； panic…stricken； never again during h