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and power。〃
He then proceeds to describe an event that took place in 1535 or thereabouts； which will be considered in its place。
Writing of the events of the year 1530；＇177＇ we find Firishtah stating that the affairs of Vijayanagar were then in confusion owing to the death of Heemraaje； who was newly succeeded by his son Ramraaje。 And this passage helps us definitely to the conclusion that his Heemraaje； or Timma Raja； was the Muhammadan name for the ruler of the state during the reigns of Narasimha； Narasa or Vira Narasimha； and Krishna Deva Raya； the latter of whom died in 1530。 Firishtah seems to have confused Narasa's and Krishna Deva Raya's powerful minister； Saluva Timma； with Narasimha and Narasa； and made all three one person。 〃Ramraaje〃 is mentioned as king by Firishtah from the accession of Achyuta in 1530 down to the year 1565。
Though names and details differ； it will be observed that there is evidently a common basis of truth in the accounts given by Firishtah and Nuniz。 Both relate the deaths of two young princes； brothers； the subsequent murder of two other heirs to the kingdom； and the usurpation of the throne by a minister。
With these remarks we turn to the more reliable portion of Firishtah's narrative。
Yusuf Adil Khan proclaimed himself independent king of Bijapur in A。D。 1489。 Shortly afterwards his rival； Kasim Barid； who ultimately became sovereign of the territories of Ahmadabad； in a fit of jealousy called in the aid of Vijayanagar against Bijapur； promising for reward the cession of Mudkal and Raichur； or the country between the two rivers。 Narasimha collected the forces of the Hindus； crossed the Tungabhadra with a large army； and after laying waste the country seized the two cities Mudkal and Raichur； which thus once more passed into the possession of Vijayanagar。
Shortly after this； probably about the year 1493 A。D。； Sultan Yusuf Adil again marched to recover the lost territory and advanced to the Krishna； but falling ill he halted for two months； and Firishtah gives us the following account of what occurred。 This has been already alluded to； but is now given in full：
〃In this interval Heemraaje； having settled his dissensions；＇178＇ advanced with the young roy at the head of a great army to Roijore； which struck terror into the army of Adil Shaw； for whose recovery earnest prayers were offered up by his subjects。〃 。。。 （The prayers were answered and the Sultan recovered。）
〃Intelligence arriving that Heemraaje had crossed the Tummedra and was advancing by hasty marches； Eusuff Adil Shaw ordered a general review of his army 。。。 （and advanced； entrenching his camp a short distance from the Hindus）。 Several days passed inactively； till on Saturday in Regib 898＇179＇ both armies drew out； and in the beginning of the action near five hundred of Adil Shaw's troops being slain； the rest were disordered and fell back； but were rallied again by the sultan。 One of the officers； who had been taken prisoner and made his escape； observed that the enemy were busily employed in plunder； and might be attacked with advantage。 The sultan relished this advice and proceeded； when Heemraaje； not having time to collect his whole army； drew out with seven thousand horse and a considerable number of foot； also three hundred elephants。 Adil Shaw charged his center with such fury； that Heemraaje was unable to stand the shock。 Victory waved the royal standard； and the infidels fled； leaving two hundred elephants； a thousand horses； and sixty lacs of OONS；＇180＇ with many jewels and effects； to the conquerors。 Heemraaje and the young roy fled to Beejanuggur； but the latter died on the road of a wound he had received by an arrow in the action。 Heemraaje seized the government of the country； but some of the principal nobility opposing his usurpation； dissensions broke out； which gave Adil Shaw relief from war for some time from that quarter。〃
The disputed territory between the two rivers once more passed into the hands of the Muhammadans。 Goa also remained in the Bijapur Sultan's possession。
The last historical event in the reign of Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur； as narrated by Firishtah； is as follows：
〃In the year 915；＇181＇ the Christians surprised the town of Goa； and put to death the governor with many mussulmauns。 Upon intelligence of which； Adil Shaw； with three thousand chosen men； Dekkanees and foreigners； marched with such expedition； that he came upon the Europeans unawares； retook the fort； and put many to death； but some made their escape in their ships out to sea。〃
These Christians were the Portuguese under Albuquerque； and the date of their entry into Goa was March 1； A。D。 1510。
At this period there was a complete change in the PERSONNEL of the chief actors on our Indian stage。 Ahmad Nizam Shah； who had declared himself independent at Ahmadnagar in A。D。 1490； died in 1508； and was succeeded by his son； a boy of seven years of age named Burhan； with whom the traveller Garcia da Orta＇182＇ afterwards became very friendly。 Da Orta calls him 〃my friend。〃＇183＇ Yusuf Adil Shah died in A。D。 1510； and his successor on the throne of Bijapur was his son Ismail。 Krishna Deva Raya became Raya of Vijayanagar in 1509。 The two last…mentioned monarchs were frequently in contact with one another； and in the end； according to our chronicles； the Hindu king was completely victorious。 Even Firishtah admits that he dealt Ismail a crushing blow at the great battle of Raichur； a full description of which is given by Nuniz。
But before dealing with the history of the reign of Krishna Deva Raya it is necessary that we should learn how it came about that these Portuguese Christians who seized Goa came to be living in India； and some of them even resident at the Hindu capital。
The Portuguese Arrive in India。
King John of Portugal had acquired some knowledge of India in A。D。 1484； and after causing inquiries to be made as to the possibility of discovering the rich and interesting country in the Far East； had begun to fit out three ships； but he died before they were ready。 His successor； Dom Manuel； took up the matter warmly； and sent these ships out under Vasco da Gama and his brother Paulo； with orders to try and double the Cape of Good Hope。 The full account of the extraordinary voyage made by them is given in the 〃Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama；〃 translated and published in the Hakluyt edition； being a translation of certain portions of Correa's LENDAS DA INDIA。 Da Gama sailed on July 8； A。D。 1497； and arrived close to Calicut on August 26； 1498。＇184＇ The Samuri； or king； of Calicut was at first friendly； but there were misunderstandings on the part of the Portuguese； and they made little or no progress either in trade or in establishing amicable relations with the Hindus。 Da Gama returned shortly after to Portugal。 Early in 1500 A。D。 Cabral took out another and larger fleet； and arrived at Calicut on September 13th。 He at once quarrelled with the Samuri； and instead of peaceful commerce we read of attacks and counter…attacks conducted in such sort by the Portuguese as irretrievably to alienate the natives of the country。 A few Europeans； however； settled in that tract； and amongst them Duarte Barbosa