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he whole of his force to extricate themselves in safety from the hills。 With between sixty and seventy thousand prisoners； mostly women； he retreated from Vijayanagar and sat down before Adoni； but after a siege lasting nine months the attempt was abandoned； and the Sultan retired to his own territories。 Thus ended the campaign。
Firishtah gives a short account of the kingdom of Vijayanagar at this period （about 1378 A。D。）； from which the following extracts are taken。
〃The princes of the house of Bahmanee maintained themselves by superior valour only； for in power； wealth； and extent of country the roles of Beejanuggur were greatly their superiors；〃 and he implies that at this time； as certainly in after years； all Southern India had submitted to the sway of the Raya。
〃The seaport of Goa；＇65＇ the fortress of Malgaon；＇66＇ 。。。 belonged to the roy of Beejanuggur； and many districts of Tulghaut＇67＇ were in his possession。 His country was well peopled； and his subjects submissive to his authority。 The roles of Malabar； Ceylon； and other islands and other countries kept ambassadors at his court； and sent annually rich presents。〃＇68＇
We must revert for a moment to the Sultan's uncle and his behaviour before Vijayanagar。 It will be remembered that； filled with the best intentions； he had quitted his post to defend his king。
〃The sultan； on seeing the standard of Daood Khan； was enraged； but stifled his displeasure till the gale of victory had waved over the standards of the faithful。 He then called Daood Khan before him； and gave him a harsh reprimand for quitting a station so important that； should the enemy gain possession； not a mussulmaun could make his escape from the city。〃
Daud treasured up his resentment at this treatment； and； being joined by other disaffected nobles； secretly plotted the assassination of the Sultan。 The conspirators waited till Mujahid was on his way from Adoni towards Kulbarga； and then one night； that of Friday； April 16； A。D。 1378；＇69＇ while the Sultan was asleep in his tent； Daud； accompanied by three other men； rushed in and stabbed him。 There was a struggle； and the unfortunate monarch was despatched by the blow of a sabre。＇70＇ Daud at once proclaimed himself Sultan as nearest of kin Mujahid having no children and being acknowledged； proceeded to Kulbarga； where he was proclaimed。
The assassination of his nephew availed Daud but little； as the country was at once divided into two opposing factions； and on May 21； A。D。 1378；＇71＇ after a reign of only one month； the murderer was himself assassinated while at prayer in the great mosque of the capital。 Meanwhile Bukka Raya overrun the Doab； advanced as far as the river Krishna； and invested the fortress of Raichur。
Daud was succeeded by Ala…ud…din's youngest son Mahmud I；＇72＇ Mujahid's sister Ruh Parvar Agah having blinded Daud's son； then a boy of eight years； in order to prevent dissension。 Mahmud was apparently welcome to all parties； for even the Raya raised the siege of Raichur and agreed to pay him the tribute exacted by Muhammad Shah； so at least says Firishtah。 And during the whole of his reign of nearly twenty years there was peace and tranquillity at home and abroad。 He died on the 20th April A。D。 1397。＇73＇
The decease of Bukka I。 of Vijayanagar must apparently； for reasons shown； be placed at about A。D。 1379。
CHAPTER 4
Growth of the Empire （A。D。 1379 to 1406）
Harihara II。 Firuz Shah of Kulbarga Fresh wars Assassination of a prince in 1399 A。D。 Bukka II。
Bukka I。 was succeeded by Harihara II。； his son by his wife Gauri。 Nuniz calls the new king 〃Pureoyre Deorao；〃 and 〃Pureoyre〃 seems to be a rough Portuguese version of the name Harihara； H and P representing the same sound in the Kanarese and Telugu languages。 According to the inscriptions；＇74＇ Harihara II。 reigned at least twenty years； and he was the first king who gave himself imperial titles under the style of MAHARAJADHIRAJA。 He gave many grants to the temples； and consolidated the supremacy of his dynasty over all Southern India。 Sayana； brother of Madhavacharya； appears to have been his chief minister； as he was to King Samgama II。＇75＇ Mudda is mentioned in two inscriptions of A。D。 1379 and 1382 as the king's general。 Another of his generals was called Iruga。 He was son of Chaicha； minister of Bukka II。 His name appears on a pillar in a Jain temple near Kamalapura at Vijayanagar in an inscription bearing date A。D。 1385； which proves that the king was tolerant in religious matters。 There seems also to have been a general named Gunda living in his reign； but his date is uncertain。＇76＇ According to another inscription；＇77＇ King Harihara early in his reign expelled the Muhammadans from Goa； and the last inscription of his reign at present discovered＇78＇ mentions that one Bachanna Udaiyar was then governor of that place。
The king's wife； or one of his principal wives； was Malladevi； or Mallambika。 The extent of his domination is shown by the fact that inscriptions of his reign are found in Mysore； Dharwar； Conjeeveram； Chingleput； and Trichinopoly。＇79＇ He was a worshipper of Siva under the form Virupaksha； but appears to have been singularly tolerant of other religions。 The latest actual date of the reign afforded by inscriptions is October 15； A。D。 1399。＇80＇
Ghias…ud…din； a boy of seventeen； eldest son of the late Sultan Mahmud； had succeeded his father on the throne of Kulbarga； but on June 14； 1397；＇81＇ he was treacherously blinded during an entertainment by an ambitious slave； after a reign of only one month and twenty days。 His younger brother； Shams…ud…din； was then placed on the throne； but after a reign of five months was blinded and deposed by his cousin Firuz； second son of the late Sultan Daud。 Firuz was by birth undoubtedly of the elder branch； and he became one of the most celebrated monarchs of his line； ascending the throne on November 15； A。D。 1397。＇82＇ He must have then been well advanced in years； as Firishtah says he was 〃old〃 in A。D。 1419。
The date of the last inscription of Harihara II。 as yet brought to light is； as before stated； October 15； A。D。 1399。 There are two inscriptions extant of Bukka II。； his eldest son； both dated in A。D。 1406；＇83＇ and several of the latter's successor； the younger brother of Bukka II。； whose name was Devaraya I。； and whose reign lasted till at least A。D。 1412。
It will be remembered that the first king of Vijayanagar； Harihara I。； was an old man （Nuniz says 〃very old〃）； and reigned seven years。 His successor； Bukka； his brother； reigned thirty…seven years according to Nuniz； and perhaps； therefore； it would be best not to assume too great an age for Harihara I。 However this may be； it would appear that when the peaceful monarch Harihara II。； son of Bukka I。； came to the throne； his father must have died at a very advanced age； and he himself must have been by no means young。 He reigned at least twenty years； as before stated； and we are therefore justified in assuming that at the close of his reign （in A。D。 1399） he was quite an old man。 With this in our minds； let us turn to Firishtah's narrative of the reign of Firuz Shah Bahmani； beginning with his accession in November A。D。 1397。
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