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actly what Socialism is。
‘'As I 'ope you're all just as anxious to 'ear it as I am myself； I will not stand between you and the lecturer no longer； but will now call upon 'im to address you。'
Philpot was loudly applauded as he descended from the pulpit； and in response to the clamorous demands of the crowd； Barrington； who in the meantime had yielded to Owen's entreaties that he would avail himself of this opportunity of proclaiming the glad tidings of the good time that is to be； got up on the steps in his turn。
Harlow； desiring that everything should be done decently and in order； had meantime arranged in front of the pulpit a carpenter's sawing stool； and an empty pail with a small piece of board laid across it； to serve as a seat and a table for the chairman。 Over the table he draped a large red handkerchief。 At the right he placed a plumber's large hammer； at the left； a battered and much…chipped jam…jar； full of tea。 Philpot having taken his seat on the pail at this table and announced his intention of bashing out with the hammer the brains of any individual who ventured to disturb the meeting； Barrington commenced：
‘Mr Chairman and Gentlemen。 For the sake of clearness； and in order to avoid confusing one subject with another； I have decided to divide the oration into two parts。 First； I will try to explain as well as I am able what Socialism is。 I will try to describe to you the plan or system upon which the Co…operative Commonwealth of the future will be organized； and； secondly； I will try to tell you how it can be brought about。 But before proceeding with the first part of the subject； I would like to refer very slightly to the widespread delusion that Socialism is impossible because it means a complete change from an order of things which has always existed。 We constantly hear it said that because there have always been rich and poor in the world； there always must be。 I want to point out to you first of all； that it is not true that even in its essential features； the present system has existed from all time； it is not true that there have always been rich and poor in the world； in the sense that we understand riches and poverty today。
‘These statements are lies that have been invented for the purpose of creating in us a feeling of resignation to the evils of our condition。 They are lies which have been fostered by those who imagine that it is to their interest that we should be content to see our children condemned to the same poverty and degradation that we have endured ourselves。
I do not propose … because there is not time； although it is really part of my subject … to go back to the beginnings of history； and describe in detail the different systems of social organization which evolved from and superseded each other at different periods； but it is necessary to remind you that the changes that have taken place in the past have been even greater than the change proposed by Socialists today。 The change from savagery and cannibalism when men used to devour the captives they took in war … to the beginning of chattel slavery； when the tribes or clans into which mankind were divided … whose social organization was a kind of Communism； all the individuals belonging to the tribe being practically social equals； members of one great family … found it more profitable to keep their captives as slaves than to eat them。 The change from the primitive Communism of the tribes； into the more individualistic organization of the nations； and the development of private ownership of the land and slaves and means of subsistence。 The change from chattel slavery into Feudalism； and the change from Feudalism into the earlier form of Capitalism； and the equally great change from what might be called the individualistic capitalism which displaced Feudalism； to the system of Co…operative Capitalism and Wage Slavery of today。'
‘I believe you must 'ave swollered a bloody dictionary；' exclaimed the man behind the moat。
‘Keep horder〃 shouted Philpot； fiercely； striking the table with the hammer； and there were loud shouts of ‘Chair' and ‘Chuck 'im out；' from several quarters。
When order was restored； the lecturer proceeded：
‘So it is not true that practically the suite state of affairs as we have today has always existed。 It is not true that anything like the poverty that prevails at present existed at any previous period of the world's history。 When the workers were the property of their masters； it was to their owners' interest to see that they were properly clothed and fed； they were not allowed to be idle； and they were not allowed to starve。 Under Feudalism also； although there were certain intolerable circumstances； the position of the workers was； economically； infinitely better than it is today。 The worker was in subjection to his Lord； but in return his lord had certain responsibilities and duties to perform； and there was a large measure of community of interest between them。
‘I do not intend to dwell upon this pout at length； but in support of what I have said I will quote as nearly as I can from memory the words of the historian Froude。
‘〃I do not believe；〃 says Mr Froude； 〃that the condition of the people in Mediaeval Europe was as miserable as is pretended。 I do not believe that the distribution of the necessaries of life was as unequal as it is at present。 If the tenant lived hard； the lord had little luxury。 Earls and countesses breakfasted at five in the morning； on salt beef and herring； a slice of bread and a draught of ale from a blackjack。 Lords and servants dined in the same hall and shared the same meal。〃
‘When we arrive at the system that displaced Feudalism； we find that the condition of the workers was better in every way than it is at present。 The instruments of production … the primitive machinery and the tools necessary for the creation of wealth … belonged to the skilled workers who used them； and the things they produced were also the property of those who made them。
‘In those days a master painter； a master shoemaker； a master saddler； or any other master tradesmen； was really a skilled artisan working on his own account。 He usually had one or two apprentices； who were socially his equals； eating at the same table and associating with the other members of his family。 It was quite a common occurrence for the apprentice … after he had attained proficiency in his work … to marry his master's daughter and succeed to his master's business。 In those days to be a 〃master〃 tradesman meant to be master of the trade； not merely of some underpaid drudges in one's employment。 The apprentices were there to master the trade； qualifying themselves to become master workers themselves； not mere sweaters and exploiters of the labour of others； but useful members of society。 In those days； because there was no labour…saving machinery the community was dependent for its existence on the productions of hand labour。 Consequently the majority of the people were employed in some kind of productive work； and the workers were honoured and respected citizens； living in comfort on the fruits of their labour。 They were not rich as we understand wealth now； but they did not s