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family and friends in order to induce them to lay down their arms。
The fall of Parga made a great impression on the Epirotes； who valued its possession far above its real importance。 Ali rent his garments and cursed the days of his former good fortune； during which he had neither known how to moderate his resentment nor to foresee the possibility of any change of fortune。
The fall of Parga was succeeded by that of Arta of Mongliana； where was situated Ali's country house； and of the post of the Five Wells。 Then came a yet more overwhelming piece of news Omar Brionis； whom Ali； having formerly despoiled of its wealth； had none the less； recently appointed general…in…chief； had gone over to the enemy with all his troops！
Ali then decided on carrying out a project he had formed in case of necessity； namely； on destroying the town of Janina； which would afford shelter to the enemy and a point of attack against the fortresses in which he was entrenched。 When this resolution was known； the inhabitants thought only of saving themselves and their property from the ruin from which nothing could save their country。 But most of them were only preparing to depart； when Ali gave leave to the Albanian soldiers yet faithful to him to sack the town。
The place was immediately invaded by an unbridled soldiery。 The Metropolitan church； where Greeks and Turks alike deposited their gold； jewels； and merchandise； even as did the Greeks of old in the temples of the gods； became the first object of pillage。 Nothing was respected。 The cupboards containing sacred vestments were broken open； so were the tombs of the archbishops； in which were interred reliquaries adorned with precious stones； and the altar itself was defiled with the blood of ruffians who fought for chalices and silver crosses。
The town presented an equally terrible spectacle； neither Christians nor Mussulmans were spared； and the women's apartments； forcibly entered； were given up to violence。 Some of the more courageous citizens endeavoured to defend their houses arid families against these bandits； and the clash of arms mingled with cries and groans。 All at on e the roar of a terrible explosion rose above the other sounds； and a hail of bombs； shells； grenade's； and rockets carried devastation and fire into the different quarters of the town； which soon presented the spectacle of an immense conflagration。 Ali； seated on the great platform of the castle by the lake； which seemed to vomit fire like a volcano； directed the bombardment； pointing out the places which must be burnt。 Churches； mosques； libraries； bazaars； houses； all were destroyed； and the only thing spared by the flames was the gallows； which remained standing in the midst of the ruins。
Of the thirty thousand persons who inhabited Janina a few hours previously； perhaps one half had escaped。 But these had not fled many leagues before they encountered the outposts of the Otto man army； which； instead of helping or protecting them； fell upon them； plundered them； and drove them towards the camp； where slavery awaited them。 The unhappy fugitives； taken thus between fire and。 sword； death behind and slavery before； uttered a terrible cry； and fled in all directions。 Those who escaped the Turks were stopped in the hill passes by the mountaineers rushing down to the》》 rey； only large numbers who held together could force a passage。
In some cases terror bestows extraordinary strength； there were mothers who； with infants at the breast； covered on foot in one day the fourteen leagues which separate Janina from Arta。 But others； seized with the pangs of travail in the midst of their flight； expired in the woods； after giving birth to babes； who； destitute of succour； did not survive their mothers。 And young girls； having disfigured themselves by gashes； hid themselves in caves； where they died of terror and hunger。
The Albanians； intoxicated with plunder and debauchery； refused to return to the castle； and only thought of regaining their country and enjoying the fruit of their rapine。 But they were assailed on the way by peasants covetous of their booty； and by those of Janina who had sought refuge with them。 The roads and passes were strewn with corpses； and the trees by the roadside converted into gibbets。 The murderers did not long survive their victims。
The ruins of Janina were still smoking when； on the 19th August； Pacho Bey made his entry。 Having pitched his tent out of range of Ali's cannon； he proclaimed aloud the firman which inaugurated him as Pacha of Janina and Delvino； and then raised the tails； emblem of his dignity。 Ali heard on the summit of his keep the acclamations of the Turks who saluted Pacho Bey； his former servant with the titles of Vali of Epirus； and Ghazi； of Victorius。 After this ceremony； the cadi read the sentence； confirmed by the Mufti； which declared Tepelen Veli…Zade to have forfeited his dignities and to be excommunicated； adding an injunction to all the faithful that henceforth his name was not to be pronounced except with the addition of 〃Kara；〃 or 〃black；〃 which is bestowed on those cut off from the congregation of Sunnites； or Orthodox Mohammedans。 A Marabout then cast a stone towards the castle； and the anathema upon 〃Kara Ali〃 was repeated by the whole Turkish army； ending with the cry of 〃Long live the sultan！ So be it！〃
But it was not by ecclesiastical thunders that three fortresses could be reduced； which were defended by artillerymen drawn from different European armies； who had established an excellent school for gunners and bombardiers。 The besieged； having replied with hootings of contempt to the acclamations of the besiegers； proceeded to enforce their scorn with well…aimed cannon shots； while the rebel flotilla； dressed as if for a fete…day； passed slowly before the Turks； saluting them with cannon…shot if they ventured near the edge of the lake。
This noisy rhodomontade did not prevent Ali from being consumed with grief and anxiety。 The sight of his own troops； now in the camp of Pacho Bey； the fear of being for ever separated from his sons； the thought of his grandson in the enemy's hands； all threw him into the deepest melancholy； and his sleepless eyes were constantly drowned in tears。 He refused his food； and sat for seven days with untrimmed beard； clad in mourning； on a mat at the door of his antechamber； extending his hands to his soldiers； and imploring them to slay him rather than abandon him。 His wives； seeing him in this state； and concluding all was lost； filled the air with their lamentations。 All began to think that grief would bring Ali to the grave； but his soldiers； to whose protestations he at first refused any credit； represented to him that their fate was indissolubly linked with his。 Pacho Bey having proclaimed that all taken in arms for Ali would be shot as sharers in rebellion； it was therefore their interest to support his resistance with all their power。 They also pointed out that the campaign was already advanced； and that the Turkish army； which had forgotten its siege artillery at Constantinople； could not possibly procure any before the end of October； by which time the rains would begin； and the enem