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flying machines-第43章

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〃The machine as patented; comprises two or more planes

arranged in step form; the highest being in front。 The machine

I am now using has four planes 3 ft。 x 18 ft。; total about 200

square feet; camber (arch) 1 in 16。



〃The vertical keel is for lateral stability; the rudder for

direction。 This is the first machine (so far as I know) to have a

combination of wheels and runners or skids (Oct。 1908)。 The

wheels rise up automatically when the machine leaves the

ground; so that it may alight on the runners。



〃A Duthirt & Chalmers 2…cylinder opposed; 3 1/8…inch engine

was used first; and several hundred short flights were made。

The engine gave four brake h。 p。; which was barely sufficient

for continued flight。 The aeroplane complete with this engine

weighed 78 pounds。 The engine now used is a Bates 3 5/8…inch;

2…cylinder opposed; showing 8 h。 p。; and apparently giving

plenty of power。 The weight of aeroplane with this engine is

now 110 pounds。 Owing to poor grounds only short flights

have been made; the longest to date (Dec。 31; 1910) being about

1;000 feet。



〃In building the present machine; my object was to produce a

safe; slow; light; and small h。 p。 aeroplane; a purpose which I

have accomplished。〃







CHAPTER XXVII。



1911 AEROPLANE RECORDS。



THE WORLD AT LARGE。



Greatest Speed Per Hour; Whatever Length of Flight; Aviator

AloneE。 Nieuport; Mourmelon; France; June 21; Nieuport Machine;

82。72 miles; with one passenger; E。 Nieuport; Moumlelon; France;

June 12; Nieuport Machine; 67。11 miles; with two passengers; E。

Nieuport; Mourmelon; France; March 9; Nieuport Machine; 63。91

miles; with three passengers; G。 Busson; Rheims; France; March

10; Deperdussin Machine; 59。84 miles; with four passengers; G。

Busson; Rheims; France; March 10; Deperdussin Machine; 54。21

miles。



Greatest Distance Aviator AloneG。 Fourny; no stops; Buc;

France; September 2; M。 Farman Machine; 447。01 miles; E。 Helen;

three stops; Etampes; France; September 8; Nieuport Machine;

778。45 miles; with one passenger; Lieut。 Bier; Austria; October

2; Etrich Machine; 155。34 miles; with two passengers; Lieut。

Bier; Austria; October 4; Etrich Machine; 69。59 miles; with three

passengers; G。 Busson; Rheims; France; March 10; Deperdussin

Machine; 31。06 miles; with four passengers; G。 Busson; Rheims;

France; March 10; Deperdussin Machine; 15。99 miles。



Greatest Duration Aviator AloneG。 Fourny; no stops; Buc;

France; September 2; M。 Farman Machine; 11 hours; 1 minute; 29

seconds; E。 Helen; three stops; Etampes; France; September 8;

Nieuport Machine; 14 hours; 7 minutes; 50 seconds; 13 hours; 17

minutes net time; with one passenger; Suvelack; Johannisthal;

Germany; December 8; 4 hours; 23 minutes; with two passengers; T。

de W。 Milling; Nassau Boulevard; New York; September 26;

Burgess…Wright Machine; 1 hour; 54 minutes; 42 3…5 seconds; with

three passengers; Warchalowski; Wiener…Neustadt; Aust。; October

30; 45 minutes; 46 seconds; with four passengers; G。 Busson;

Rheims; France; March 10; Deperdussin Machine; 17 minutes; 28 1…5

seconds。



Greatest Altitude Aviator AloneGarros; St。 Malo; France;

September 4; Bleriot Machine; 13;362 feet; with one passenger;

Prevost; Courcy; France; December 2; 9;840 feet; with two

passengers; Lieut。 Bier; Austria; Etrich Machine; 4;010 feet。



AMERICAN RECORDS。



Greatest Speed Per Hour; Whatever Length of Flight; Aviator

AloneA。 Leblanc; Belmont Park; N。 Y。; October 29; Bleriot

Machine; 67。87 miles; with one passenger; C。 Grahame…White;

Squantum; Mass。; September 4; Nieuport Machine; 63。23 miles; with

two passengers; T。 O。 M。 Sopwith; Chicago; Ill。; August 15;

Wright Machine; 34。96 miles。



Greatest Distance Aviator AloneSt。 Croix Johnstone; Mineola;

N。 Y。; July 27; Moisant (Bleriot Type) Machine; 176。23 miles。



Greatest Duration Aviator AloneHoward W。 Gill; Kinloch; Mo。;

October 19; Wright Machine; 4 hours; 16 minutes; 35 seconds; with

one passenger; G。 W。 Beatty; Chicago; Ill。; August 19; Wright

Machine; 3 hours; 42 minutes; 22 1…5 seconds; with two

passengers; T。 de W。 Milling; Nassau Boulevard; N。 Y。; September

26; Burgess…Wright Machine; 1 hour; 54 minutes; 42 3…5 seconds。



Greatest Altitude Aviator AloneL。 Beachy; Chicago; Ill。; August

20; Curtiss Machine; 11;642 feet; with one passenger; C。 Grahame…

White; Nassau Boulevard; N。 Y。; September 30; Nieuport Machine;

3;347 feet。



Weight CarryingP。 O。 Parmelee; Chicago; III。; August 19;

Wright Machine; 458 lbs。



AVIATION DEVELOPMENT。



The wonderful progress made in the science of aviation

during the year 1911 far surpasses any twelve months' advancement

recorded。 The advancement has not been confined to any country or

continent; since every part of the world is taking its part in

aviation history making。



The rapidly increasing interest in aviation has brought

forth schools for the instruction of flying in both the old and

new world; and licensed air pilots before they receive their

sanctions from the governing aero clubs of their country are

required to pass an extremely trying examination in actual

flights。 Exhibition flights and races were common in all

parts of the world during 1911; and touring aviators visited

India; China; Japan; South Africa; Australia and South

America; giving exhibitions and instruction。



Europe was the scene of a number of cross…country races

in which entries ranging from ten to twenty aviators flew

from city to city around a given circuit; which in some

instances exceeded 1;000 miles in distance。 Cross…country

flights with and without passengers became so common that

those of less than two hours' duration attracted little

attention。 There were fewer attempts at high altitude soaring;

although the world's record in this department of aviation

was bettered several times。 In place of these high flights; the

aviators devoted more attention to speed; duration and

spectacular manoeuvres; which appeared to satisfy the spectators。

The prize money won during 1911 exceeded 1;000;000; but

owing to the increased number of aviators the individual

winnings were not as large as in 1910。



It is estimated that within the past twelve months more

than 300;000 miles have been covered in aeroplane flights

and more than seven thousand persons; classed either as

aviators or passengers; taken up into the air。 The aeroplane

of today ranges through monoplane; biplane; triplane and

even quadraplane; and more than two hundred types of these

machines are in use。



Aeroplanes are becoming a factor of international commerce。

The records of the Bureau of Statistics show that

more than 50;000 worth of aeroplanes were imported into;

and exported from; the United States in the months of July;

August and September; 1911。 The Bureau of Statistics only

began the maintenance of a separate record of this comparatively

new article of commerce with the opening of the fiscal

year 1
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