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of deputies in the Constituent Assembly。 According to Mallet du Pan
the so…called Independents number 250。
＇26＇ These figures are verified by decisive ballottings （Mortimer…
Ternauz； II。 205； 348。）
＇27＇ Moniteur； XII。 393 （session of May 15； speech by Isnard）： 〃The
Constituent Assembly only half dared do what it had the power to do。
It has left in the field of liberty； even around the very roots of the
young constitutional tree； the old roots of despotism and of the
aristocracy 。 。 。 It has bound us to the trunk of the constitutional
tree； like powerless victims given up to the rage of their enemies。〃 …
… Etienne Dumont saw truly the educational defects peculiar to the
party。 He says； apropos of Madame Roland： 〃I found in her too much of
that distrustful despotism which belongs to ignorance of the world 。 。
。 What her intellectual development lacked was a greater knowledge of
the world and intercourse with men of superior judgment to her own。
Roland himself had little intellectual breadth； while all those who
frequented her house never rose above the prejudices of the vulgar。〃
＇28＇ 〃Souvenirs〃； by PASQUIER （Etienne…Dennis； duc）； chancelier de
France。 in VI volumes； Librarie Plon； Paris 1893。
＇29＇ Madame de Stael； 〃Considerations sur la Révolution Fran？aise；
IIIrd part； ch。 III。…Madame de Sta？l conversed with them and judges
them according to the shrewd perceptions of a woman of the world。
＇30＇ Louvet； 〃Mémoires〃 32。 〃I belonged to the bold philosophers who；
before the end of 1791； lamented the fate of a great nation； compelled
to stop half…way in the career of freedom；〃 and； on page 38 〃A
minister of justice was needed。 The four ministers （Roland； Servane；
etc。） 〃cast their eyes on me。 。 。 Duranthon was preferred to me。 This
was the first mistake of the republican party。 It paid dear for it。
That mistake cost my country a good deal of blood and many tears。〃
Later on； he thinks that he has the qualifications for ambassador to
Constantinople。
＇31＇ Buzot； 〃Mémoires〃 （Ed。 Dauban）； pp。31； 39。 〃Born with a proud and
independent spirit which never bowed at any one's command； how could I
accept the idea of a man being held sacred？ With my heart and head
possessed by the great beings of the ancient republics； who are the
greatest honor to the human species； I practiced their maxims from my
earliest years； and nourished myself on a study of their virtues。 。 。
The pretended necessity of a monarchy 。 。 。 could not amalgamate； in
my mind； with the grand and noble conceptions formed by me； of the
dignity of the human species。 Hope deceived me； it is true； but my
error was too glorious to allow me to repent of it。〃 … Self…
admiration is likewise the mental substratum of Madame Roland； Roland；
Pétion； Barbaroux； Louvet； etc。； （see their writings）。 Mallet du Pan
well says： 〃On reading the memoirs of Madame Roland； one detects the
actress； rehearsing for the stage。 〃 Roland is an administrative
puppet and would…be orator； whose wife pulls the strings。 There is an
odd； dull streak in him； peculiarly his own。 For example； in 1787
（Guillon de Montléon； 〃Histoire de la ville de Lyon； pendant la
Révolution；〃 1。58）； he proposes to utilize the dead； by converting
them into oil and phosphoric acid。 In 1788； he proposes to the
Villefranche Academy to inquire 〃whether it would not be to the public
advantage to institute tribunals for trying the dead？〃 in imitation of
the Egyptians。 In his report of Jan。 5； 1792； he gives a plan for
establishing public festivals； 〃in imitation of the Spartans；〃 and
takes for a motto； Non omnis moriar （Baron de Girardot； 〃Roland and
Madame Roland〃。 I。 83； 185）
＇32＇ Political club uniting moderate and constitutional monarchists。
They got their nickname because they held their meetings in the old
convent formerly used by the feullants； a branch of Cistercians who；
led by LaBarrière； broke away in 1577。 The Feuillant Club was
dissolved in 1791。 （SR）。
＇33＇ Moniteur； XI。 61 （session of Jan 7； 1792）。 … Ibid。； 204 （Jan。
25）； 281 （Feb。 1）； 310 （Feb。 4）； 318 （Feb。 6）； 343 （Feb。 9）； 487 （Feb。
26）。 … XII。 22 （April 2）。 Reports of all the sessions must be read to
appreciate the force of the pressure。 See； especially； the sessions of
April 9 and 16； May 15 and 29； June 8； 9； 15； and 25； July 1； 2； 5； 9；
11； 17； 18； and 21； and； after this date； all the sessions。 …
Lacretelle； 〃Dix Ans d'Epreuves；〃 p。 78…81。 〃The Legislative Assembly
served under the Jacobin Club while keeping up a counterfeit air of
independence。 The progress which fear had made in the French character
was very great； at a time when everything was pitched in the
haughtiest key。 。 。 The majority； as far as intentions go； was for the
conservatives； the actual majority was for the republicans。〃
＇34＇ Moniteur； XIII。 212； session of July 22。
＇35＇ Moniteur； XII。 22； session of April 2。 … Mortimer…Ternaux； II。
95。 … Moniteur； XIII。 222； session of July 22。
＇36＇ Lacretelle； 〃Dix Ans d'Epreuves；〃 80。
＇37＇ Mathieu Dumas； 〃Mémoires；〃 II。 88 （Feb。 23）。 … Hua； 〃Mémoires〃
d'un Avocat au Parliament de Paris；〃 106； 121； 134； 154。 Moniteur；
XIII。 212 （session of July 21）； speech by M。 … 〃The avenues to this
building are daily beset with a horde of people who insult the
representatives of the nation。〃
＇38＇ De Vaublanc； 〃Mémoires；〃 344。 … Moniteur； XIII。 368 （letters
and speeches of deputies； session of Aug。 9）。
＇39＇ Hua； 115。 Ibid。； 90。 3 out of 4 deputies of Seine…et…Oise were
Jacobins。 〃We met once a week to talk over the affairs of the
department。 We were obliged to drive out the vagabonds who； even at
the table； talked of nothing but killing。〃
＇40＇ Moniteur； XII。 702。 For example； on the 19th of June； 1792； on a
motion unexpectedly proposed by Condorcet； that the departments be
authorized to burn all titles （to nobility） in the various depots。
Adopted at once； and unanimously。
＇41＇ Later Stalin and his successors should invest the United
Nations and other international organizations to indirectly propose
and ensure the acceptance of a new convention of human rights；
children's rights； the rights of refugees etc。 In many cases these
became the base of national legislation which is now giving trouble to
many of the Western democracies。 （SR）。
＇42＇ Hua； 114。
＇43＇ Moniteur； XII。 664。 … Mercure de France； June 23； 1792。
＇44＇ Hua； 141。 Mathieu Dumas； II。 399： 〃It is remarkable that
Lafond de Ladébat； one of our trustiest friends； was elected president
on the 23rd of July； 1792。 This shows that the majority of the
Assembly was still sound； but it was only brought about by a secret
vote in the choice of candidates。 The same men who obeyed their
consciences； through a sentiment of justice and of propriety； could
not face the danger which surrounded them in the threats of the
factions when they were called upon to vote by rising or sitting。〃
＇45＇ This description