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people in consternation at the tragic end of Louis XVI。 He noticed
that the very name of Jacobin excited horror as well as fear。〃
＇30＇ This number； so important； is verified by the following passages：
Moniteur； session of Dec。 39； 1792。 Speech by Birotteau： 〃Fifty
members against 690。 。 。 About twenty former nobles； fifteen or twenty
priests； and a dozen September judges （want to prevail against） 700
deputies。〃 Ibid。； 851 （Dec。26； on the motion to defer the trial of
the king）： 〃About fifty voices； with energy； No！ no！ 〃 Ibid。； 865；
（Dec。27； a violent speech by Lequinio； applauded by the extreme 〃Left〃
and the galleries； the president calls them to order）： 〃The applause
continues of about fifty members of the extreme 'Left。' 〃 Mortimer…
Ternaux； VI。 557。 （Address by Tallien to the Parisians； Dec。23；
against the banishment of the Duke of Orleans）： 〃To…morrow； under the
vain pretext of another measure of general safety； the 60 or 80
members who on account of their courageous and inflexible adherence to
principles are offensive to the Brissotine faction； will be driven
out。〃 Moniteur； XV。 74 （Jan。 6）。 Robespierre； addressing Roland；
utters this expression： 〃the factious ministers。〃 〃Cries of Order！ A
vote of censure！ To the Abbaye/ 'Is the honest minister whom all
France esteems；' says a member； 'to be treated in this way？' Shouts
of laughter greet the exclamation from about sixty members。〃 Ibid。；
XV。 114。 （Jan。 11）。 Denunciation of the party of anarchists by Buzot。
Garnier replies to him： 〃You calumniate Paris； you preach civil war！〃
〃Yes！ yes！ 'exclaim about sixty members。 Buchez et Roux； XXIV。 368
（Feb。 26）。 The question is whether Marat shall be indicted。 〃Murmurs
from the extreme left； about a dozen members noisily demanding the
order of the day。〃
＇31＇ Mercier； 〃Le nouveau Paris；〃 II。 200。
＇32＇ Buchez et Roux； XIX。 17。 XXVIII。 168。 … The king is declared
guilty by 683 votes； 37 abstain from voting； as judges； of these 37；
26； either as individuals or legislators； declare the king guilty。
None of the other 11 declare him innocent。
＇33＇ 〃Dictionnaire biographique；〃 by Eymery； 1807 （4 vols）。 The
situation of the conventionists who survive the Revolution may here be
ascertained。 Most of them will become civil or criminal judges；
prefects； commissaries of police； heads of bureaus； post…office
employees； or registry clerks； collectors； review…inspectors； etc。 The
following is the proportion of regicides among those thus in office：
Out of 23 prefects 21 voted for the king'' death； 42 out of 43
magistrates voted for it； the 43rd being ill at the time of the
sentence。 Of 5 senators 4 voted for his death； and 14 deputies out of
16。 Out of 36 other functionaries of various kinds 35 voted for death。
Among the remaining regicides we again find 2 councillors of state； 4
diplomatic agents and consuls； 2 generals； 2 receiver…generals； 1
commissary…general of the police； 1 minister in the cabinet of King
Joseph； the minister of police； and the arch…chancellor of the empire。
＇34＇ Buchez et Roux； XIX； 97； session of Sept。 25； 1792。 Marat states：
〃 'I have many personal enemies in this assembly。' 'All！ all！' exclaim
the entire Assembly； indignantly rising。〃 … Ibid。； XIX。 9； 49； 63；
338。
＇35＇ 〃Right〃 and 〃Left〃； only refers to the right and left wings of
the hemicycles of the hall in which the Assembly meets。 The Plain and
the Mountain refer to the same Assembly but here to those on the lower
or the upper benches。（SR）。
＇36＇ Meillan； 〃Mémoires；〃 20。 … Buchez et Roux； XXVI。 Session of April
15； 1793。 Denunciation of the Twenty…two Girondists by the sections of
Paris： Royer…Fonfrède regrets 〃that his name is not inscribed on this
honorable list。 'And all of us … all！ All！' exclaim three…quarters of
the Assembly； rising from their seats。〃
＇37＇ The Philosophe Denis Diderot （1713…84） was largely responsible
for the 28 volume Encyclopédie （1751…729； which incorporated the
latest knowledge and progressive ideas； and which helped spread the
ideas of the Enlightenment in France and in other parts of Europe。
（Guinness Encyclopedia）。
＇38＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 A。F。 45。 Letter of Thomas Paine to
Danton； May 6； 1792 （in English）。 〃I do not know better men or better
patriots。〃 This letter； compared with the speeches or publications of
the day； produces a singular impression through its practical good
sense。 This Anglo…American； however radical he may be； relies on
nothing but experience and example in his political discussions。
＇39＇ Cf。 The memoirs of Buzot； Barbaroux； Louvet； Madame Roland； etc。
＇40＇ And for some incomprehensible reason still in fashion at the end
of the 20th Century。 （SR）。
＇41＇ Buchez et Roux； XXIV。 102。 （Plan drawn up by Condorcet； and
reported in the name of the Committee on the Constitution； April 15
and 16； 1793。） Condorcet adds to this a report of his own； of which he
publishes and abstract in the Chronique de Paris。
＇42＇ Buchez et Roux； XXIV。 102。 Condorcet's abstract contains the
following extraordinary sentence： 〃In all free countries the influence
of the populace is feared with reason； but give all men the same
rights and there will be no populace。〃
＇43＇ Cf。 Edmond Biré。 〃La Légende des Girondins；〃 on the part of the
Girondists in all these odious measures。
＇44＇ These traits are well defined in the charges of the popular
party against them made by Fabre d'Eglantine。 Maillan； 〃Mémoires；〃
323。 （Speech of Fabre d'Eglantine at the Jacobin Club in relation to
the address of the commune； demanding the expulsion of the Twenty…
Two。） 〃You have often taken the people to task； you have even
sometimes tried to flatter them； but there was about this flattery
that aristocratic air of coldness and dislike which could deceive
nobody。 Your ways of a bourgeois patrician are always perceptible in
your words and acts； you never wanted to mix with the people。 Here is
your doctrine in few words： after the people have served in
revolutions they must return to dust； be of no account； and allow
themselves to be led by those who know more than they and who are
willing to take the trouble to lead them。 You； Brissot； and especially
you； Pétion； you have received us formally； haughtily； and with
reserve。 You extend to us one finger； but you never grasp the whole
hand。 You have not even refused yourselves that keen delight of the
ambitious； insolence and disdain。〃
＇45＇ Buzot； 〃Mémoires；〃 78。
＇46＇ Edmond Biré； 〃La légende des Girondins。〃 （Inedited fragments of
the memoirs of Pétion and Barbaroux； quoted by Vatel in 〃Charlotte
Corday and the Girondists；〃 III。 472； 478。）
＇47＇ Buchez et Roux； XXVI。 A financial plan offered by the department
of Hérault adopted by Cambon and rejected by the Girondists。
＇48＇ Buchez et Roux； XXV。 Speech by Vergniaud （April 10）； pp。 376；
377； 378。 〃An effort is made to accomplish the Revolution by terror。 I
would a