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Many writers； some of them most distinguished； have started of late a strong campaign against the institution of the jury； although it is the only protection we have against the errors； really very frequent； of a caste that is under no control。＇25＇ A portion of these writers advocate a jury recruited solely from the ranks of the enlightened classes； but we have already proved that even in this case the verdicts would be identical with those returned under the present system。 Other writers； taking their stand on the errors committed by juries； would abolish the jury and replace it by judges。 It is difficult to see how these would…be reformers can forget that the errors for which the jury is blamed were committed in the first instance by judges； and that when the accused person comes before a jury he has already been held to be guilty by several magistrates； by the juge d'instruction； the public prosecutor； and the Court of Arraignment。 It should thus be clear that were the accused to be definitely judged by magistrates instead of by jurymen； he would lose his only chance of being admitted innocent。 The errors of juries have always been first of all the errors of magistrates。 It is solely the magistrates； then； who should be blamed when particularly monstrous judicial errors crop up； such； for instance； as the quite recent condemnation of Dr。 L who； prosecuted by a juge d'instruction； of excessive stupidity； on the strength of the denunciation of a half…idiot girl； who accused the doctor of having performed an illegal operation upon her for thirty francs； would have been sent to penal servitude but for an explosion of public indignation； which had for result that he was immediately set at liberty by the Chief of the State。 The honourable character given the condemned man by all his fellow…citizens made the grossness of the blunder self…evident。 The magistrates themselves admitted it； and yet out of caste considerations they did all they could to prevent the pardon being signed。 In all similar affairs the jury； confronted with technical details it is unable to understand； naturally hearkens to the public prosecutor； arguing that； after all； the affair has been investigated by magistrates trained to unravel the most intricate situations。 Who； then； are the real authors of the errorthe jurymen or the magistrates？ We should cling vigorously to the jury。 It constitutes； perhaps； the only category of crowd that cannot be replaced by any individuality。 It alone can temper the severity of the law； which； equal for all； ought in principle to be blind and to take no cognisance of particular cases。 Inaccessible to pity； and heeding nothing but the text of the law； the judge in his professional severity would visit with the same penalty the burglar guilty of murder and the wretched girl whom poverty and her abandonment by her seducer have driven to infanticide。 The jury； on the other hand； instinctively feels that the seduced girl is much less guilty than the seducer； who； however； is not touched by the law； and that she deserves every indulgence。
＇25＇ The magistracy is； in point of fact； the only administration whose acts are under no control。 In spite of all its revolutions； democratic France does not possess that right of habeas corpus of which England is so proud。 We have banished all the tyrants； but have set up a magistrate in each city who disposes at will of the honour and liberty of the citizens。 An insignificant juge d'instruction （an examining magistrate who has no exact counterpart in England。Trans。）； fresh from the university； possesses the revolting power of sending to prison at will persons of the most considerable standing； on a simple supposition on his part of their guilt； and without being obliged to justify his act to any one。 Under the pretext of pursuing his investigation he can keep these persons in prison for six months or even a year； and free them at last without owing them either an indemnity or excuses。 The warrant in France is the exact equivalent of the lettre de cachet； with this difference； that the latter； with the use of which the monarchy was so justly reproached； could only be resorted to by persons occupying a very high position； while the warrant is an instrument in the hands of a whole class of citizens which is far from passing for being very enlightened or very independent。
Being well acquainted with the psychology of castes； and also with the psychology of other categories of crowds； I do not perceive a single case in which； wrongly accused of a crime； I should not prefer to have to deal with a jury rather than with magistrates。 I should have some chance that my innocence would be recognised by the former and not the slightest chance that it would be admitted by the latter。 The power of crowds is to be dreaded； but the power of certain castes is to be dreaded yet more。 Crowds are open to conviction； castes never are。
CHAPTER IV
ELECTORAL CROWDS
General characteristics of electoral crowdsThe manner of persuading themThe qualities that should be possessed by a candidateNecessity of prestigeWhy working men and peasants so rarely choose candidates from their own classThe influence of words and formulas on the electorThe general aspect of election oratoryHow the opinions of the elector are formedThe power of political committeesThey represent the most redoubtable form of tyrannyThe committees of the Revolution Universal suffrage cannot be replaced in spite of its slight psychological valueWhy it is that the votes recorded would remain the same even if the right of voting were restricted to a limited class of citizensWhat universal suffrage expresses in all countries。
ELECTORAL crowdsthat is to say； collectivities invested with the power of electing the holders of certain functionsconstitute heterogeneous crowds； but as their action is confined to a single clearly determined matter； namely； to choosing between different candidates； they present only a few of the characteristics previously described。 Of the characteristics peculiar to crowds； they display in particular but slight aptitude for reasoning； the absence of the critical spirit； irritability； credulity； and simplicity。 In their decision； moreover； is to be traced the influence of the leaders of crowds and the part played by the factors we have enumerated： affirmation； repetition； prestige； and contagion。
Let us examine by what methods electoral crowds are to be persuaded。 It will be easy to deduce their psychology from the methods that are most successful。
It is of primary importance that the candidate should possess prestige。 Personal prestige can only be replaced by that resulting from wealth。 Talent and even genius are not elements of success of serious importance。
Of capital importance； on the other hand； is the necessity for the candidate of possessing prestige； of being able； that is； to force himself upon the electorate without discussion。 The reason why the electors； of whom a majority are working men or peasants； so rarely choose a man from their own ranks to represent them is that such a person enjoys no prestige among them。 When； by chance； they do elect a man who is their e