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have no use for their eyes in the dark； why should Madam How take the
trouble to finish them off？
One more cave I must tell you of； to show you how old some caves
must be； and then I must stop； and that is the cave of Caripe； in Venezuela；
which is the most northerly part of South America。 There； in the face of a
limestone cliff； crested with enormous flowering trees； and festooned with
those lovely creepers of which you have seen a few small ones in
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hothouses； there opens an arch as big as the west front of Winchester
Cathedral； and runs straight in like a cathedral nave for more than 1400
feet。 Out of it runs a stream； and along the banks of that stream； as far as
the sunlight strikes in； grow wild bananas； and palms； and lords and ladies
（as you call them）； which are not； like ours； one foot； but many feet high。
Beyond that the cave goes on； with subterranean streams； cascades； and
halls； no man yet knows how far。 A friend of mine last year went in
farther； I believe； than any one yet has gone； but； instead of taking Indian
torches made of bark and resin； or even torches made of Spanish wax；
such as a brave bishop of those parts used once when he went in farther
than any one before him； he took with him some of that beautiful
magnesium light which you have seen often here at home。 And in one
place； when he lighted up the magnesium； he found himself in a hall full
300 feet highhigher far； that is； than the dome of St。 Paul'sand a very
solemn thought it was to him； he said； that he had seen what no other
human being ever had seen； and that no ray of light had ever struck on that
stupendous roof in all the ages since the making of the world。 But if he
found out something which he did not expect； he was disappointed in
something which he did expect。 For the Indians warned him of a hole in
the floor which （they told him） was an unfathomable abyss。 And lo and
behold； when he turned the magnesium light upon it； the said abyss was
just about eight feet deep。 But it is no wonder that the poor Indians with
their little smoky torches should make such mistakes； no wonder； too； that
they should be afraid to enter far into those gloomy vaults； that they
should believe that the souls of their ancestors live in that dark cave； and
that they should say that when they die they will go to the Guacharos； as
they call the birds that fly with doleful screams out of the cave to feed at
night； and in again at daylight； to roost and sleep。
Now； it is these very Guacharo birds which are to me the most
wonderful part of the story。 The Indians kill and eat them for their fat；
although they believe they have to do with evil spirits。 But scientific
men who have studied these birds will tell you that they are more
wonderful than if all the Indians' fancies about them were true。 They are
great birds； more than three feet across the wings； somewhat like owls；
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somewhat like cuckoos； somewhat like goatsuckers； but； on the whole；
unlike anything in the world but themselves； and instead of feeding on
moths or mice； they feed upon hard dry fruits； which they pick off the
trees after the set of sun。 And wise men will tell you； that in making such
a bird as that； and giving it that peculiar way of life； and settling it in that
cavern； and a few more caverns in that part of the world； and therefore in
making the caverns ready for them to live in； Madam How must have
taken ages and ages； more than you can imagine or count。
But that is among the harder lessons which come in the latter part of
Madam How's book。 Children need not learn them yet； and they can
never learn them； unless they master her alphabet； and her short and easy
lessons for beginners； some of which I am trying to teach you now。
But I have just recollected that we are a couple of very stupid fellows。
We have been talking all this time about chalk and limestone； and have
forgotten to settle what they are； and how they were made。 We must
think of that next time。 It will not do for us （at least if we mean to be
scientific men） to use terms without defining them； in plain English； to
talk aboutwe don't know what。
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CHAPTER VIII
…MADAM HOW'S TWO GRANDSONS
You want to know； then； what chalk is？ I suppose you mean what
chalk is made of？
Yes。 That is it。
That we can only help by calling in the help of a very great giant
whose name is Analysis。
A giant？
Yes。 And before we call for him I will tell you a very curious story
about him and his younger brother； which is every word of it true。
Once upon a time； certainly as long ago as the first man； or perhaps the
first rational being of any kind； was created； Madam How had two
grandsons。 The elder is called Analysis； and the younger Synthesis。 As
for who their father and mother were； there have been so many disputes on
that question that I think children may leave it alone for the present。 For
my part； I believe that they are both； like St。 Patrick； 〃gentlemen； and
come of decent people；〃 and I have a great respect and affection for them
both； as long as each keeps in his own place and minds his own business。
Now you must understand that； as soon as these two baby giants were
born； Lady Why； who sets everything to do that work for which it is
exactly fitted； set both of them their work。 Analysis was to take to pieces
everything he found； and find out how it was made。 Synthesis was to put
the pieces together again； and make something fresh out of them。 In a
word； Analysis was to teach men Science； and Synthesis to teach them Art。
But because Analysis