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that will remain within the pod； instead of expanding when liberated by
ripening。
The cultivation of cotton differs according to the many varieties of the
plant。 Pliny described the 〃wool…bearing trees of Ethiopia；〃 and I have
myself seen the indigenous cotton thriving in a wild state in those
parts from whence they were first introduced to Egypt； during the reign
of Mehemet Ali； grandfather of the Khedive。 It is well known that
although comparatively a recent article of cultivation in Egypt； it has
become one of the most important exports from that country。 Cotton of
the first quality requires a peculiar combination of local conditions。
Water must be at command whenever required during the various stages of
cultivation； and perfectly dry weather must be assured when the crop is
ripe and fit to gather。 The collection extends over many days； as the
pods do not burst at the same period。 Some of the most valuable kinds
detach easily from the expanded husk and fall quickly to the ground；
which entails constant attention； and the quality would deteriorate
unless labour is always at hand to gather the cotton before it shall
fall naturally from the plant。
It will be therefore understood that； although many soils may be highly
favourable to the growth of fine qualities of cotton； there is an
absolute necessity for a combination of a peculiar climate； where
neither rain nor dew shall moisten； and accordingly deteriorate the
crop。 Egypt is specially favoured for the production of first…class
cotton； as in the upper portions of the Delta rain is seldom known； but
the extreme carelessness of the people has reduced the average quality
by mixing the seeds； instead of keeping the various classes rigidly
separate。
The dry climate； combined with the fertile soil of Cyprus； would suggest
a great extension of cotton cultivation； when artificial irrigation
shall be generally developed； but so long as the present system of
collecting the dimes is continued； the farmer cannot produce the higher
qualities which require immediate attention in collecting。 During the
delay in waiting for the official valuer； the pods are bursting rapidly；
and the valuable quality is falling to the ground； the cultivator is
therefore confined to the growth of those inferior cottons that will
adhere to the pods； and wait patiently for the arrival of the government
authority。
Consul Hamilton Lang； in his interesting work upon Cyprus； suggests that
the duty should be collected upon export； to relieve the farmer from the
present difficulty； which would enable him to cultivate the American
high qualities。 It is almost amusing to contrast the criticisms and
advice of the various British consuls who have for many years
represented us in Cyprus with the ideas of modern officials。 There can
be no doubt concerning consular reports in black and white； and equally
there can be no question of existing ordinances under the British
administration； but what appeared highly unjust to our consuls when
Cyprus was under Turkish rule； is accepted as perfectly equitable now
that the island has passed into the hands of Great Britain。
For many years I have taken a peculiar interest in cotton cultivation；
and in 1870 I introduced the excellent Egyptian variety； known as
〃galleen；〃 into Central Africa； and planted it at Gondokoro； north
latitude 4 degrees 54'； with excellent results。 In the first year this
grew to the height of about seven feet； with a proportionate thickness
of stem； and the spreading branches produced an abundant crop of a fine
quality； which detached itself from the seeds； immediately reducing the
operation of the cleaning…machine or 〃cotton…gin〃 to a minimum of
labour。 I have been much struck with the inferiority of Cyprian cotton；
scarcely any of the crop finds its way to England； but is exported to
Marseilles and Trieste。 Should Consul Lang's suggestion be carried out；
and the duty be taken upon export to relieve the grower from the
vexatious delays of the inquisitor or government valuer； there can be no
question of immediate improvement。 There is no more trouble or expense
in producing a first…class cotton than in the commonest variety； when
climate and soil are so peculiarly favourable as in Cyprus。 If the
government continues the system of ad valorem taxation； common sense
will suggest that the highest quality would alike be favourable to the
revenue and to the cultivator； therefore； in the interests of the
country and of individuals； every encouragement should be afforded to
the farmers to ensure the best of all species of produce throughout the
island。 The excellent compilation of Captain Savile； officially and
expressly printed for the service of the government； contains the
following passages：
〃According to all accounts the taxation of the inhabitants of Cyprus has
under Turkish administration been carried out in a most severe and
oppressive manner； and the imposts upon certain articles of agriculture
and commerce have been so heavy that their culture and export has in
some cases been almost abandoned。 。 。 。
〃The cultivation of vines for the manufacture of wine has been so
heavily and unjustly taxed； that a great part of the vineyards have of
late years been turned to other and more profitable purposes； or else
have been abandoned； and consequently a branch of agriculture for which
the island is especially suited and a remunerative article of commerce
is neglected and allowed to decline。 An extensive development of
vineyards and manufacture of wine should be encouraged； and with this
object it has been suggested that it might be wise to free this
production from all except export duty。
〃Allusion has already been made to the injurious effect of the
collection of the tithe （dimes） upon cotton at the time when the crop is
gathered； instead of at the time of shipment； and it has been explained
how the former method prevents the farmers from growing the best and
most remunerative varieties of the plant； this is a matter that requires
the attention of the authorities when the re…adjustment of the taxes is
considered。〃
Captain Savile's useful book is an echo of consular statements and
reports written in England for government information without any
personal experience of the island； but from my own investigations I can
thoroughly endorse the views expressed； and I only regret that the
miserable conditions of our occupation have rendered such necessary
reforms most difficult； as the poverty of the present government of
Cyprus cannot afford to run the risk of experimental lessons in
taxation。
When criticising and condemning existing evils； it must be distinctly
understood that I do not presume to attach blame to individual
authorities of the local government： I denounce the arbitrary and
oppressive system of TURKISH rules； which； although in some instances
mitigated by our administration； still remain in force； and are the
results of the conditions that were accepted when England resolved upon
this anomalous occupation。 I have to describe Cyprus as I saw it in
1879； and in this work I endeavour to introduce the public to the true
aspect of the situati