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quantities； or destroyed by cattle； goats； mules； and every stray animal
that is attracted to the fields。 The owner of the vineyard accordingly
gathers his crop by degrees； a little before the proper time； and the
grapes are exposed upon the house…tops to ripen artificially in the sun。
In this manner the quality is seriously damaged； but the natives will
not acknowledge it any more than the Devonshire farmers； who leave their
apples in heaps upon the ground for many weeks； rotting and wasp…eaten；
before they are carried to the pound for the grinding of cider。 The
grapes； having been trodden by men with large boots； are pressed； and
the juice of the commanderia is placed in jars capable of holding from
seventy to one hundred gallons。 The refuse of skins and stalks is laid
upon one side to ferment for the manufacture of raki； or spirit； by
distillation。 The fermentation of the juice proceeds in the earthen
jars； and is guided according to the ideas of the proprietor； when he
considers that it has continued to a degree sufficient for the strength
and quality of the wine； it is checked by the addition of powdered
gypsum。 Here is one of the patent errors of the manufacture of
commanderia as a wine suitable to English tastes。 The grape…juice is
naturally so rich in saccharine； that it is luscious and vapid to an
excess； this superabundant amount of sugar would be converted into
alcohol in the natural process of fermentation if unchecked； and by the
chemical change the wine would gain in strength and lose in sweetness。
Should this process be adopted； the result would no longer represent the
wine now accepted as commanderia； which finds a ready market in the
Levant； owing to its peculiar sweetness and rich flavour； although
disagreeable to Europeans； there would accordingly be a risk attending
such experiments； which the grower would consider unnecessary； as he
already commands the sale。
The large jars in which the wine ferments are porous and unglazed； the
usual waterproofing is adopted； in the shape of tar； with which the
inside is thickly coated。 There are many jars of a century old； which
have lost the flavour by extreme age； and have become liquid…proof by
the choking of the pores with the crust deposited by the wine； these are
highly prized； and the wine after fermentation is left upon its own lees
to ripen； or； according to our ideas； it is entirely neglected。 It is
never racked into other vessels。
There is an unusual peculiarity in commanderia； instead of the colour
becoming paler by great age； it deepens to an extraordinary degree。 The
new wine is the ordinary tint of sherry； but it gradually becomes
darker； until after forty or fifty years it is almost black； with the
syrup…like consistence of new honey。 Wine of this age and quality is
much esteemed； and is worth a fancy price。 I was presented with several
bottles of the famous old Cyprus growths of commanderia； morocanella；
and muscadine； by the kindness of Mr。 Lanites； who is largely interested
in the trade at Limasol。 The old commanderia was sufficiently sweet to
occasion a roughness in the throat； and each quality was far too
luscious for English taste； but might have been agreeable to sip like
Tokay； by soaking a sponge biscuit。 The utterly rude method of producing
native wines； which can scarcely be dignified by the term 〃manufacture；〃
is a sufficient explanation of their inferior quality； but at the same
time it is a proof of the great wine…producing power of Cyprus； where；
in spite of ignorance and neglect； an extensive commerce has been
established； which adds materially to the revenue of the island。 If
these badly…made wines have founded an important trade； there is every
reason to expect a corresponding extension when scientific principles
shall have resulted in a superior quality。
The black wines receive even less care than the commanderia； the grapes
are trodden； and are thrown into receptacles to ferment； together with
the skins and stalks。 This bruised mass； after lying a certain time
exposed to fermentation； is pressed； and the muddy juice is stowed in
the large tarred jars to ripen for a few months； which； according to
Cyprian taste； are sufficient to prepare it for consumption。 The stalks
and black skins； being extremely rich in tannin； have imparted to the
wine a powerful astringency and the exceedingly dark colour which so
disagreeably distinguish this common quality。 The growers imagine that
the extra amount of tannin is preservative； without which； their wine
might deteriorate during the rough treatment to which it is subjected by
transport and exposure； and to their specially…educated palates this
astringency is agreeable； combined with the strong flavour of tar； which
completely excludes it from the consumption of Englishmen。 Neither the
commanderia nor any other quality of wine is subjected to the process of
〃fining；〃 when issued from the stores of the merchant； therefore； a
really bright clear wine is never met with。 The black wines could be
considerably improved by allowing them to settle in large vats； and by a
series of rackings into other vessels； as they become clearer by
depositing their impurities。 I have tried this experiment upon a small
scale with success； and there can be no doubt that the simple manual
labour of drawing off the clear wine to enable it to fine itself by
precipitating the albuminous matter that has been fixed by the
superabundant tannin； would render the 〃mavro；〃 or black wine；
drinkable； always excepting the presence of tar； which can at once be
avoided by the substitution of casks for the earthen jars and
goat…skins。
At the expiration of the vintage the vines remain uncared…for throughout
the autumn and winter； cattle and goats invade them ad libitum so long
as their leaves are attractive； and no operation is performed until the
month of March。 At this time they are pruned close to the stocks； which
are generally about one foot above the ground； and two eyes are supposed
to be left upon each spur。 But I have watched the cultivators during the
process； and observed the usual neglect； sometimes the spurs were shaved
off completely； without a bud for next year's shoot； and at others too
many buds were left； that would weaken and disfigure the parent stem。
The instrument for pruning was similar to a very small reaping…hook；
with a handle about a foot in length； and the delicate operation was
conducted with a rapidity that rendered the necessary care impossible。
After the clearing of the refuse the land is carefully ploughed and
cleaned。
I visited some large wine…stores in Larnaca； where casks of about 300
gallons each were arranged in long parallel rows； all filled with
commanderia of various ages and corresponding prices。
Having now traced the liquor from the original vineyard into the
merchant's store； it will be interesting to examine the network of
obstructions and extortions to which the unfortunate wine…grower is
exposed before he can deliver his produce into the hands of the
merchant； either at Limasol or elsewhere。
Consul Riddell reported officially in 1875 as follows：
〃The wine trade of Cyprus wa