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sion inexpressibly mortified by the sudden disruption and breaking up of my speculum。 Thus many hours of anxious care and labour proved of no avail。 I had to begin again and proceed da capo。 I observed； however； that the surplus alloy that was left in the crucible； after I had cast my speculum； when again melted and poured out into a metal ingot mould； yielded a cake that； brittle though it might be； was yet strong in comparison with that of the speculum cast in the sand mould； and that it was also； judging from the fragments chipped from it； possessed of even a higher degree of brilliancy。
The happy thought occurred to me of substituting an open metal mould for the closed sand one。 I soon had the metal mould ready for casting。 It consisted of a base plate of cast iron； on the surface of which I placed a ring or hoop of iron turned to fully the diameter of the intended speculum； so as to anticipate the contraction of the alloy。 The result of the very first trial of this simple metal mould was most satisfactory。 It yielded me a very perfect casting： and it passed successively through the ordeal of the first rough grinding； and eventually through the processes of polishing； until in the end it exhibited a brilliancy that far exceeded that of the sand mould castings。
The only remaining difficulty that I had to surmount was the risk of defects in the surface of the speculum。 These sometimes result from the first splash of the melted metal as it is poured into the ring mould。 The globules sometimes got oxidised before they became incorporated with the main body of the inflowing molten alloy： and dingy spots in the otherwise brilliant alloy were thus produced。 I soon mastered this； the only remaining source of defect； by a very simple arrangement。 In place of pouring the melted alloy direct into the ring mould； I attached to the side of it what I termed a 〃pouring pocket；〃 which communicated with an opening at the lower edge of the ring； and by a self…acting arrangement by which the mould plate was slightly tilted up； the influx of the molten alloy advanced in one unbroken tide。 As soon as the entire surface of the mould plate was covered by the alloy； its weight overcame that of my up…tilting counterpoise； and allowed the entire apparatus to resume its exact level。 The resulting speculum was； by these simple arrangements； absolutely perfect in soundness。 It was a perfect casting； in all respects worthy of the care and labour which I invested in its future grinding and polishing； and enabled it to perform its glorious duties as the grand essential part of a noble reflecting telescope！
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A。 Chill plate of cast iron turned to the curve of the speculum B。 Turned hoop of wrought iron with opening at O。 C。 Pouring pocket。 D。 Counterpoise； By which the chill plate is tilted up The largest figure in the engraving is the annealing tub of cast iron filled with sawdust； where the speculum is placed to cool as slowly as possible。
The rationale of the strength of specula cast in this metal mould system； as compared with the treacherous brittleness of those cast in sand moulds； arises simply from the consolidation of the molten metal pool taking place first at the lower surface； next the metal base of the mouldthe yet fluid alloy above satisfying the contractile requirements of that immediately beneath it； and so on in succession； until the last to consolidate is the top or upper stratum。 Thus all risk of contractile tension； which is so dangerously eminent and inherent in the case of sand…mould castings； made of so exceedingly brittle an alloy as that of speculum metal； is entirely avoided。 By the employment of these simple and effective improvements in the art of casting the specula for reflecting telescopes； and also by the contrivance and employment of mechanical means for grinding and polishing them； I at length completed my first 8…inch diameter speculum； and mounted it according to the Newtonian plan。 I was most amply rewarded for all the anxious labour I had gone through in preparing it； by the glorious views it yielded me of the wonderful objects in the heavens at night。 My enjoyment was in no small degree enhanced by the pleasure it gave to my father； and to many intimate friends。 Amongst these was Sir David Brewster； who took a most lively and special interest in all my labours on this subject。
In later years I resumed my telescope making enjoyments； as a delightful and congenial relaxation from the ordinary run of my business occupations。 I constructed several reflecting telescopes； of sizes from 10…inch to 20…inch diameter specula。 I had also the pleasure of assisting other astronomical friends； by casting and grinding specula for them。 Among these I may mention my late dear friend William Lassell； and my excellent friend Warren de la Rue； both of whom have indelibly recorded their names in the annals of astronomical science。 I know of no subject connected with the pursuit of science which so abounds with exciting and delightful interest as that of constructing reflecting telescopes。 It brings into play every principle of constructive art； with the inexpressibly glorious reward of a more intimate acquaintance with the sublime wonders of the heavens； I communicated in full detail all my improvements in the art of casting； grinding； and polishing the specula of reflecting telescopes； to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester； illustrating my paper with many drawings。 But as my paper was of considerable length； and as the illustrations would prove costly to engrave； it was not published in the Society's Transactions。 They are still； however； kept in the library for reference by those who take a special interest in the subject。
1829。 A Mode of transmitting Rotary Motion by means of a Flexible Shaft； formed of a Coiled Spiral Wire or Rod of Steel。
While assisting Mr。 Maudslay in the execution of a special piece of machinery； in which it became necessary to have some holes drilled in rather inaccessible portions of the work in hand； and where the employment of the ordinary drill was impossible； it occurred to me that a flexible shaft； formed of a closely coiled spiral of steel wire； might enable us to transmit the requisite rotary motion to a drill attached to the end of this spiral shaft。 Mr。 Maudslay was much pleased with the notion； and I speedily put it in action by a close coiled spiral wire of about two feet in length。
This was found to transmit the requisite rotary motion to the drill at the end of the spiral with perfect and faithful efficiency。 The difficulty was got over； to Mr。 Maudslay's great satisfaction。
So far as I am aware； such a mode of transmitting rotary motion was new and original。 The device was useful； and proved of essential service in other important applications。 By a suitably close coiled spiral steel wire I have conveyed rotary motion quite round an obstacle； such as is indicated in the annexed figure。
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It has acted with perfect faithfulness from the winch handle at A to the drill at B。 Any ingenious mechanic will be able to appreciate the value of such a flexible shaft in many applications。 Four years ago I saw the sa