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books and systems of pure reason； our present object is exclusively
a critique of the faculty of pure reason itself。 Only when we make
this critique our foundation； do we possess a pure touchstone for
estimating the philosophical value of ancient and modern writings on
this subject； and without this criterion； the incompetent historian or
judge decides upon and corrects the groundless assertions of others
with his own； which have themselves just as little foundation。
Transcendental philosophy is the idea of a science； for which the
Critique of Pure Reason must sketch the whole plan
architectonically； that is； from principles； with a full guarantee for
the validity and stability of all the parts which enter into the
building。 It is the system of all the principles of pure reason。 If
this Critique itself does not assume the title of transcendental
philosophy； it is only because； to be a complete system； it ought to
contain a full analysis of all human knowledge a priori。 Our
critique must； indeed； lay before us a complete enumeration of all the
radical conceptions which constitute the said pure knowledge。 But from
the complete analysis of these conceptions themselves； as also from
a complete investigation of those derived from them； it abstains
with reason； partly because it would be deviating from the end in view
to occupy itself with this analysis； since this process is not
attended with the difficulty and insecurity to be found in the
synthesis； to which our critique is entirely devoted； and partly
because it would be inconsistent with the unity of our plan to
burden this essay with the vindication of the completeness of such
an analysis and deduction； with which； after all； we have at present
nothing to do。 This completeness of the analysis of these radical
conceptions； as well as of the deduction from the conceptions a priori
which may be given by the analysis； we can； however； easily attain；
provided only that we are in possession of all these radical
conceptions； which are to serve as principles of the synthesis； and
that in respect of this main purpose nothing is wanting。
To the Critique of Pure Reason； therefore； belongs all that
constitutes transcendental philosophy； and it is the complete idea
of transcendental philosophy； but still not the science itself；
because it only proceeds so far with the analysis as is necessary to
the power of judging completely of our synthetical knowledge a priori。
The principal thing we must attend to； in the division of the
parts of a science like this； is that no conceptions must enter it
which contain aught empirical； in other words； that the knowledge a
priori must be completely pure。 Hence； although the highest principles
and fundamental conceptions of morality are certainly cognitions a
priori； yet they do not belong to transcendental philosophy；
because； though they certainly do not lay the conceptions of pain；
pleasure； desires； inclinations； etc。 （which are all of empirical
origin）； at the foundation of its precepts； yet still into the
conception of duty… as an obstacle to be overcome； or as an incitement
which should not be made into a motive… these empirical conceptions
must necessarily enter； in the construction of a system of pure
morality。 Transcendental philosophy is consequently a philosophy of
the pure and merely speculative reason。 For all that is practical；
so far as it contains motives； relates to feelings； and these belong
to empirical sources of cognition。
If we wish to divide this science from the universal point of view
of a science in general； it ought to comprehend； first； a Doctrine
of the Elements； and； secondly； a Doctrine of the Method of pure
reason。 Each of these main divisions will have its subdivisions； the
separate reasons for which we cannot here particularize。 Only so
much seems necessary； by way of introduction of premonition； that
there are two sources of human knowledge （which probably spring from a
common； but to us unknown root）； namely； sense and understanding。 By
the former； objects are given to us； by the latter； thought。 So far as
the faculty of sense may contain representations a priori； which
form the conditions under which objects are given； in so far it
belongs to transcendental philosophy。 The transcendental doctrine of
sense must form the first part of our science of elements； because the
conditions under which alone the objects of human knowledge are
given must precede those under which they are thought。
I。
TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE OF ELEMENTS。
FIRST PART。 TRANSCENDENTAL AESTHETIC。
SS I。 Introductory。
In whatsoever mode； or by whatsoever means； our knowledge may relate
to objects； it is at least quite clear that the only manner in which
it immediately relates to them is by means of an intuition。 To this as
the indispensable groundwork； all thought points。 But an intuition can
take place only in so far as the object is given to us。 This； again；
is only possible； to man at least； on condition that the object affect
the mind in a certain manner。 The capacity for receiving
representations （receptivity） through the mode in which we are
affected by objects； objects； is called sensibility。 By means of
sensibility； therefore； objects are given to us； and it alone
furnishes us with intuitions； by the understanding they are thought；
and from it arise conceptions。 But an thought must directly； or
indirectly； by means of certain signs； relate ultimately to
intuitions； consequently； with us； to sensibility； because in no other
way can an object be given to us。
The effect of an object upon the faculty of representation； so far
as we are affected by the said object； is sensation。 That sort of
intuition which relates to an object by means of sensation is called
an empirical intuition。 The undetermined object of an empirical
intuition is called phenomenon。 That which in the phenomenon
corresponds to the sensation； I term its matter； but that which
effects that the content of the phenomenon can be arranged under
certain relations； I call its form。 But that in which our sensations
are merely arranged； and by which they are susceptible of assuming a
certain form； cannot be itself sensation。 It is； then； the matter of
all phenomena that is given to us a posteriori； the form must lie
ready a priori for them in the mind； and consequently can be
regarded separately from all sensation。
I call all representations pure； in the transcendental meaning of
the word； wherein nothing is met with that belongs to sensation。 And
accordingly we find existing in the mind a priori； the pure form of
sensuous intuitions in general； in which all the manifold content of
the phenomenal world is arranged and viewed under certain relations。
This pure form of sensibility I shall call pure intuition。 Thus； if
I take away from our representation of a body all that the