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。。。。 The Republic is one and indivisible。 Public instruction must
likewise relate to this center of unity。〃
＇101＇ Decree of Vendémaire 30 and Brumaire 7； year II。 … Cf。 Sauzay；
VI。； 252； on the application of this decree in the provinces。
＇102＇ Albert Duruy； 2L'Instruction publique et la Revolution；2 164； to
172 （extracts from various republican spelling…books and catechisms）。
… Decree of Frimaire 29； year II。； section I。； art。 I； 83； section
II。； art。 2； section III。； arts。 6 and 9。
＇103＇ Moniteur； XVIII。； 653。 （Meeting of Frimaire 22； speech by
Bouquir； reporter。）
＇104＇ Moniteur； XVIII。； 351…359。 （Meeting of Brumaire 15； year II。；
report by Chénier。） 〃You have made laws … create habits。 。 。 。 You
can apply to the public instruction of the nation the same course that
Rousseau follows in 'Emile。' 〃
＇105＇ The words of Bouquier； reporter。 （Meeting of Frimaire 22； year
II。）
＇106＇ Buchez et Roux； XXIV； 57 （Plan by Le Peletier de Saint…Fargeau；
read by Robespierre at the Convention； July 13； 1793。） … Ibid。； 35。
（Draft of a decree by the same hand。）
＇107＇ Ibid。； XXX。； 229。 （〃Institutions；〃 by Saint…Just。）
＇108＇ Buchez et Roux； XXXI。； 261。 （Meeting of Nivose 17。） On the
committee presenting the final draft of the decrees on public
instruction the Convention adopts the following article： 〃All boys
who； on leaving the primary schools of instruction； do not devote
themselves to tillage； will be obliged to learn some science； art or
occupation useful to society。 Otherwise； on reaching twenty； they
will be deprived of citizens' rights for ten years； and the same
penalty will be laid on their father； mother； tutor or guardian。〃
＇109＇ Decree of Prairial 13； year II。
＇110＇ Langlois； 〃Souvenirs de l'Ecole de Mars。〃
＇111＇ Buchez et Roux； XXXII。； 355。 （Report by Robespierre； Floréal
18； year II。）
＇112＇ Moniteur； XVIII。； 326。 （Meeting of the Commune； Brumaire 11；
year II。） the commissary announces that； at Fontainebleau and other
places； 〃he has established the system of equality in the prisons and
places of confinement； where the rich and the poor partake of the same
food。〃 … Ibid。； 210。 （Meeting of the Jacobins； Vendémiaire 29； year
II。 Speech by Laplance on his mission to Gers。） 〃Priests had every
comfort in their secluded retreats； the sans…culottes in the prisons
slept on straw。 The former provided me with mattresses for the
latter。〃 … Ibid。； XVIII。； 445。 （Meeting of the convention； Brumaire
26； year II。） 〃The Convention decrees that the food of persons kept in
places of confinement shall be simple and the same for all； the rich
paying for the poor。〃
＇113＇ Archives Nationales。 （AF。 II。； 37； order of Lequinio； Saintes；
Nivose 1； year II。） 〃Citizens generally in all communes； are requested
to celebrate the day of the decade by a fraternal banquet which；
served without luxury or display 。 。 。 will render the man bowed
down with fatique insensible to his forlorn condition； which will fill
the soul of the poor and unfortunate with the sentiment of social
equality and raise man up to the full sense of his dignity； which will
suppress with the rich man the slightest feeling of pride and
extinguish in the public functionary all germs of haughtiness and
aristocracy。〃
＇114＇ Archives Nationales； AF。 II。； ii。； 48 （Act of Floréal 25； year
II。） 〃the Committee of Public Safety request David； representative of
the people； to present his views and plans in relation to modifying
the present national costume； so as to render it appropriate to
republican habits and the character of the Revolution。〃 … Ibid。； （Act
of Prairial 5； year II。） for engraving and coloring twenty thousand
impressions of the design for a civil uniform； and six thousand
impressions for the three designs for a military； judicial and
legislative uniform。
＇115＇ An identical change took； strangely enough and as caused by some
hidden force； place in Denmark in the seventies。 （SR。）
＇116＇ This is now the case in the entire Western 'democratic' sphere；
in newspapers； schools； and on television。 （SR。）
＇117＇ Ibid； XXXI。； 271。 （Report by Robespierre； Pluviose 1； year II。）
〃This sublime principle supposes a preference for public interests
over all private interests； from which it follows that the love of
country supposes again； or produces； all the virtues。〃 〃As the essence
of a republic or of democracy is equality； it follows that love of
country necessarily comprises a love of equality。〃 〃The soul of the
Republic is virtue； equality。〃 … Lavalette； 〃Memoirs；〃 I。； 254。
（Narrated by Madame Lavalette。） She was compelled to attend public
festivals； and； every month； the patriotic processions。 〃I was rudely
treated by my associates； the low women of the quarter； the daughter
of an emigré； of a marquis； or of an imprisoned mother； ought not to
be allowed the honor of their company； 。。。。 it was all wrong that she
was not made an apprentice。。。。 Hortense de Beauharnais was
apprenticed to her mother's seamstress； while Eugene was put with a
carpenter in the Faubourg St。 Germain。〃 The prevailing dogmatism has
a singular effect with simple…minded people。 （Archives Nationals； AF。
II。； 135。 petition of Ursule Riesler； servant to citizen Estreich and
arrested along with him； addressed to Garneri； agent of the Committee
of Public Safety。 She begs citizen Garnerin to interest himself in
obtaining her freedom。 She will devote her life to praying to the
Supreme Being for him； since he will redeem her life。 He is to
furnish her； moreover； with the means for espousing a future husband；
a genuine republican； by who she is pregnant； and who would not allow
her to entertain any idea of fanatical capers。
CHAPTER II。
I。
Reactionary concept of the State。 … Analogy between this idea of the
State and that of antiquity。 … Difference between antique and modern
society。 … Changed circumstances。
The Jacobin theory can then be summarized in the following points：
* The speculative creation of a curtailed type of human being。
* An effort to adapt the living man to this type。
* The interference of public authority in every branch of public
endeavor。
* Constraints put upon labor； trade and property； upon the family and
education； upon worship； habits； customs and sentiments。
* The sacrifice of the individual to the community。
* The omnipotence of the State。
No theory could be more reactionary since it moves modern man back to
a type of society which he； eighteen centuries ago； had already passed
through and left behind。
During the historical era proceeding our own； and especially in the
old Greek or Latin cities； in Rome or Sparta； which the Jacobins take
for their models；＇1＇ human society was shaped after the pattern of an
army or convent。 In a convent as in an army； one idea； absorbing and
unique； predominates：
* The aim of the monk is to plea