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distinct member of the social body any more than the pernicious metals
minted as current coin。〃
＇6＇ Buchez et Roux； XXVI。； 95。 （Declaration of Rights presented in
the Jacobin Club； April 21； 1793。）
＇7＇ Decrees in every commune establishing a tax on the rich in order
to render the price of bread proportionate to wages； also in each
large city to raise an army of paid sans…culottes； that will keep
aristocrats under their pikes； April 5…7。 … Decree ordering the
forced loan of a billion on the rich； May 20…25… … Buchez et Roux；
XXV。； 156。 （Speech by Charles； March 27。 … Gorsas； 〃Courrier des
Départements；〃 No。 for May I5； 1793。 （Speech by Simon in the club at
Annecy。） … Speech by Guffroy at Chartres； and of Chalier and
associates at Lyons； etc。
＇8＇ Report by Minister Claviéres； February 1； 1793； p。 27。 … Cf。
Report of M。 de Montesquiou； September 9； 1791； p。 47。 〃During the
first twenty…six months of the Revolution the taxes brought in three
hundred and fifty…six millions less than they should naturally have
done。〃 … There is the same deficit in the receipts of the towns；
especially on account of the abolition of the octroi。 Paris； under
this head； loses ten millions per annum。
＇9＇ Report by Cambon； Pluvi？se 3； year III。 〃The Revolution and the
war have cost in four years five thousand three hundred and fifty
millions above the ordinary expenses。〃 （Cambon； in his estimates；
purposely exaggerates ordinary expenses of the monarchy。 According to
Necker's budget； the expenditure in 1759 was fixed at five hundred and
thirty…one millions and not； as Cambon states； seven hundred millions。
This raises the expenses of the Revolution and of the war to seven
thousand one hundred and twenty…one millions for the four and a half
years； and hence to one thousand five hundred and eighty…one millions
per annum； that is to say； to triple the ordinary expenses。） The
expenses of the cities are therefore exaggerated like those of the
State and for the same reasons。
＇10＇ Schmidt； 〃Pariser Zust？nde；〃 I。 93； 96。 〃During the first half
of the year 1789 there were seventeen thousand men at twenty sous a
day in the national workshops at Montmartre。 In 1790； there were
nineteen thousand。 In 1791； thirty…one thousand costing sixty
thousand francs a day。 In 1790； the State expends seventy…five
millions for maintaining the price of bread in Paris at eleven sous
for four pounds。 … Ibid。； 113。 During the first six months of 1793
the State pays the Paris bakers about seventy…five thousand francs a
day to keep bread at three sous the pound。
＇11＇ Ibid。 I。； 139…144。
＇12＇ Decree of September 27； 1790。 〃The circulation of assignats
shall not extend beyond one billion two hundred millions。。。。 Those
which are paid in shall be destroyed and there shall be no other
creation or emission of them； without a decree of the Corps
Legislatif； always subject to this condition that they shall not
exceed the value of the national possions nor obtain a circulation
above one billion two hundred millions。
＇13＇ Schmidt； ibid。； I。； 104； 138； 144。
＇14＇ Felix Rocquam； 〃L'Etat de la France au 18 Brumaire；〃 p。240。
（Report by Lacuée； year IX。 … Reports by préfets under the Consulate
（Reports of Laumont； préfet of the Lower…Rhine； year X。； of Coichen；
préfet of the Moselle； year XI。； etc。） … Schmidt； Pariser Zust？nde；〃
III。； 205。 （〃The rate of interest during the Revolution was from four
to five per cent。 per month； in 1796 from six to eight per cent。 per
month； the lowest rate being two per cent。 per month with security。〃）
＇15＇ Arthur Young； 〃Voyage en France；〃 II。； 360。 （Fr。 translation。）
〃I regard Bordeaux as richer and more commercial than any city in
England except London。〃
＇16＇ Ibid。； II。； 357。 The statistics of exports in France in 1787
give three hundred and forty…nine millions； and imports three hundred
and forty millions （leaving out Lorraine。 Alsace； the three Evéchés
and the West Indies）。…Ibid。； 360。 In 1786 the importations from the
West Indies amounted to one hundred and seventy…four millions； of
which St。 Domingo furnished one hundred and thirty…one millions； the
exports to the West Indies amounted to sixty…four millions； of which
St。 Domingo had forty…four millions。 These exchanges were effected
by five hundred and sixty…nine vessels carrying one hundred and sixty…
two thousand tons； of which Bordeaux provided two hundred and forty…
six vessels； carrying seventy…five thousand tons。 … On the ruin of
manufactures cf。 the reports of préfets in the year X。； with details
from each department。 … Arthur Young （II。； 444） states that the
Revolution affected manufactures more seriously than any other branch
of industry。
＇17＇ Reports of préfets。 （Orme； year IX。） 〃The purchasers have
speculated on the profits for the time being； and have exhausted their
resources。 Many of them have destroyed all the plantations； all the
enclosures and even the fruit trees。〃 … Felix Rocquam； ibid。； 116。
（Report by Fourcroy on Brittany。） 〃The condition of rural structures
everywhere demands considerable capital。 But no advances； based on
any lasting state of things； can be made。〃 … Ibid。； 236。 （Report of
Lacuée on the departments around Paris。） 〃The doubtful owners of
national possessions cultivate badly and let things largely go to
ruin。〃
＇18＇ Reports by préfets； years X。 and XI。 In general； the effect of
the partition of communal possessions was disastrous； especially
pasture and mountain grounds。 … （Doubs。） 〃The partition of the
communal property has contributed； in all the communes； rather to the
complete ruin of the poor than to any amelioration of their fate。〃 …
（Lozére。） 〃The partition of the communal property by the law of June
10； 1792； has proved very injurious to cultivation。〃 These partitions
were numerous。 （Moselle。） 〃Out of six hundred and eighty…six
communes； one hundred and seven have divided per capitum； five hundred
and seventy…nine by families； and one hundred and nineteen have
remained intact。〃
＇19＇ Ibid。 （Moselle。） Births largely increase in 1792。 〃But this is
an exceptional year。 All kinds of abuses； paper…money； the non…
payment of taxes and claims； the partition in the communes； the sale
for nothing of national possessions； has spread so much comfort among
the people that the poorer classes； who are the most numerous； have
had no dread of increasing their families1 to which they hope some day
to leave their fields and render them happy。〃
＇20＇ Mallet…Dupan； 〃Memoires；〃 II。； 29。 （February 1； 1794。） 〃The late
crop in France was generally good； and； in some provinces； it was
above the average。。。 I have seen the statements of two returns made
from twenty…seven departments； they declare an excess of fifteen；
twenty； thirty and thirty…five thousand bushels of grain。 There is no
real dearth。〃
＇21＇ Schmidt； ibid。； I。； 110； and following pages。 …