按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
State； five ma？tres de requêtes； fourteen bishops and archbishops；
twenty presidents and seventeen procureurs géneraux des parlements； or
of royal councils； twenty…five mayors； prév？ts des marchands；
capitouls； and equerries of large towns； the deputies of the 〃Etats〃
of Burgundy； Artois； Brittany and Languedoc； three ministers and two
chief clerks。 … The capacities were all there； on hand； for bringing
about a great reform； but there was no firm； strong； controlling hand；
that of a Richelieu or Frederic II。
＇58＇ See 〃The Revolution II〃 Ed。 Lafont page 617。 US ediction P。 69。
（SR。）
＇59＇ 〃Mémoires de Gaudin；〃 duc de Ga？te。
＇60＇ Mallet…Dupan； 〃Mémoires；〃 II。； 25； 24。 〃The War Committee is
composed of engineer and staff…officers； of which the principal are
Meussuer； Favart； St。 Fief； d'Arcon； LafitteClavé and a few others。
D'Arcon directed the raising of the siege of Dunkirk and that of
Maubenge。 。 。 。 These officers were selected with discernment；
they planned and carried out the operations； aided by immense
resources； in the shape of maps； plans and reconnaissances preserved
in the war department； they really operated according to the
experience and intelligence of the great generals under the monarchy。〃
＇61＇ Miot de Melito； 〃Mémoires；〃 I。； 47。 … Andre Michel；
〃Correspondance de MalletDupan avec la Cour de Vienne；〃 I。； 26。
（January 3； 1795。） 〃The Convention feels so strongly the need of
suitable aids to support the burden of its embarrassments as to now
seek for them among pronounced royalists。 For instance； it has just
offered the direction of the royal treasury to M。 Dufresne； former
chief of the department under the reign of the late King； and retired
since 1790。 It is the same spirit and making a still more
extraordinary selection； which leads them to appoint M。 Gerard de
Rayneval to the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs； chief…clerk of
correspondence since the ministry of the Duc de Choiseul until that of
the Comte de Montmorin inclusive。 He is a man of decided opinions and
an equally decided character； in 1790 I saw him abandon the department
through aversion to the maxims which the Revolution had forcibly
introduced into it。
＇62＇ Marshal Marmont； 〃Mémoires。〃 At nine years of age he rode on
horseback and hunted daily with his father。
＇63＇ Among other manuscript documents； a letter of M。 Symn de
Carneville； March II； 1781。 （On the families of Carneville and
Montmorin…Saint…Herem； in 1789。） The latter family remains in France；
two of its members are massacred； two executed； a fifth 〃escaped the
scaffold by forestalling the justice of the people；〃 the sixth；
enlisted in the revolutionary armies； received a shot at nineteen
years of age which made him blind。 The other family emigrated； and
its chiefs； the count and viscount Carneville commanded； one； a free
company in the Austrian service； and the other； a regiment of hussars
in Conde's army。 Twelve officers of these two corps were brothers…in…
law； nephews； first…cousins and cousins of the two commanders； the
first of whom entered the service at fifteen； and the second at
eleven。 … Cf。 〃Mémoires du Prince de Ligne。〃 At seven or eight years
of age I had already witnessed the din of battle； I had been in a
besieged town； and saw three sieges from a window。 A little older； I
was surrounded by soldiers； old retired officers belonging to various
services； and living in the neighborhood fed my passion。… Turenne said
〃I slept on a gun…carriage at the age of ten。 My taste for war was so
great as to lead me to enlist with a captain of the 'Royal Vaissiaux；'
in garrison two leagues off。 If war had been declared I would have
gone off and let nobody know it。 I joined his company； determined not
to owe my fortune to any but valorous actions。〃 … Cf。 also 〃Mémoires
du Maréchal de Saxe。〃 A soldier at twelve； in the Saxon legion；
shouldering his musket； and marching with the rest； he completed each
stage on foot from Saxony to Flanders； and before he was thirteen took
part in the battle of Malplaquet。
＇64＇ Alexandrine des Echerolles； 〃Un Famille Noble sous la Terreur；〃
p。25。 … Cf。 〃Correspondance de Madelle de Féring；〃 by Honore
Bonhomme。 The two sisters； one sixteen and the other thirteen；
disguised as men； fought with their father in Dumouriez' army。 … See
the sentiment of young nobles in the works of Berquin and Marmontel。
（Les Rivaux d' Eux…meme。）
＇65＇ 〃 The Revolution；〃 I。； 158； 325。 Ibid。； the affair of M。 de
Bussy； 306； the affair of the eighty…two gentlemen of Caen； 316。 …
See in Rivarol （〃Journal Politique Nationale〃） details of the
admirable conduct of the Body…guards at Versailles； Oct。 5 and 6；
1789。
＇66＇ The noble families under the ancient regime may be characterized
as so many families of soldiers' children。
＇67＇ 〃L'Ancien Régime et la Revolution；〃 by M。 de Tocqueville； p。169。
My judgment； likewise based on the study of texts； and especially
manuscript texts； coincides here as elsewhere with that of M。 de
Tocqueville。 Biographies and local histories contain documents too
numerous to be cited。
＇68＇ Sauzay； I。； introduction； and Ludovic Sciout； 〃 Histoire de la
Constitution Civile du Clergé；〃 I。； introduction。 （See in Sauzay；
biographical details and the grades of the principal ecclesiastical
dignitaries of the diocese Besan？on。） The cathedral chapter； and that
of the Madeleine； could be entered only through nobility or promotion；
it was requisite for a graduate to have a noble for a father； or a
doctor of divinity； and himself be a doctor of divinity or in canon
law。 Analogous titles； although lower down； were requisite for
collegiate canons； and for chaplains or familiars。
＇69＇ The Revolution；〃 I。； 233。 … Cf。 Emile Ollivier； 〃L'Eglise et
l'Etat au Concile du Vatican；〃 I。； 134； II。； 511。
＇70＇ Morellet； 〃Mémoires；〃 I。； 8； 31。 The Sorbonne； founded by Robert
Sorbon； confessor to St。 Louis； was an association resembling one of
the Oxford or Cambridge colleges； that is to say； a corporation
possessing a building； revenues； rules； regulations and boarders； its
object was to afford instruction in the theological sciences； its
titular members； numbering about a hundred； were mostly bishops；
vicars…general； canons； curés in Paris and in the principal towns。
Men of distinction were prepared in it at the expense of the Church。
… The examinations for the doctorate were the tentative； the mineure；
the Sorbonique and the majeure。 A talent for discussion and argument
was particularly developed。 … Cf。 Ernest Renan； 〃Souvenirs d'Enfance
et de Jeunesse；〃 p。279； （on St。 Sulpice and the study of Theology）。
＇71＇ Cf。 the files of the clergy in the States…General； and the
reports of ecclesiastics in the provincial assemblies。
＇72＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 p。72。 （Ed。 Lafont I； p 223 etc。）
＇73＇ In some dioceses； notably that of Besan？on； the rural parishes
were served by di