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If I were you; I wouldn’t lose heart。
How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer。
表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况); 谓语主要形式如下:
从句 主句
had + 过去分词 would have + 过去分词
She would have e if we had invited her。
If I hadn’t taken your advice; I would have made a bad mistake;
You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes。
有时候; 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作; 发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的; 一个是现在发生的)。 这时; 动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。 这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句。
If he had received six more votes; he would be our chairman now。
If we hadn’t got everything ready by now; we should be having a terrible time tomorrow。
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示; 而是通过一个介词短语来表示。
Without music; the world would be a dull place。
We could have done better under more favorable conditions。
That would have been considered miraculous in the past。
But for the storm; we should have arrived earlier。
如果条件句从句中包含有 were; had; should 或could; 有时可把if省略掉; 并把were; had; should或could放在主语前面。
Had we made adequate preparation; we might have succeeded。
Should there be a flood; what should we do?
Were it not for their assistance; we would be in serious difficulty。
Ⅳ 介词
合成介词和复杂介词
合成介词: inside; into; onto; out of; outside; throughout; upon within; without
复杂介词: according to; along with; apart from; as for; as to; because of; by means of; in front of; in spite of; instead of; in accordance with; on account of; on behalf of; owing to; due to; together with; up to; with regard to; prior to等
介词在句末:
This is what he is interested in。
Does everyone has a seat to sit on?
名词加介词 ( n + prep)
某些名词之后要求用某些介词: solution to; faith in; glance at; need for
某些名词之前要求用某些介词: on one’s guard; at one’s request; in all probability; to my delight
动词加介词
Vi + prep: prevail on; appeal to; fall into; apply for; touch upon
Vt + O + prep: lay emphasis on; take advantage of等
Vi + adv + prep:
I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts。
The family came up against fresh problems。
You’re not telling me the whole story。 You’re holding out on me。
She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution。
Vt + O + adv +prep:
You shouldn’t take your resentment out on me。
We shouldn’t put the shortage down to bad planning。
形容词加介词
about anxious; careful; careless; certain; considerate; enthusiastic; guilty; happy; mad; particular; sad; sure; timid; unhappy; etc
at awkward; bad; clever; disappointed; disgusted; good; marvellous; quick; skilful; skilled; useless; weak; etc
for convenient; eligible; grateful; homesick; hungry; necessary; noted; perfect; responsible; etc
from evident; exempt; inseparable; safe; tired; etc
in deficient; expert; liberal; quick; rich; successful; weak; etc
of apprehensive; characteristic; critical; destructive; envious; hard; inconsiderate; impatient; dependent; jealous; positive; scared; sensible; short; sick; suspicious; typical; worthy; etc
on dependent; keen; intent; etc
to acceptable; accessible; agreeable; alive; attentive; blind; parable; courteous; deaf; destructive; essential; favourable; hostile; indifferent; married; obedient; parallel; preferable; related; responsible; sensitive; suitable; unjust; etc
with awkward; bored; careful; disappointed; generous; identical; ill; impatient; popular; sick; wrong; etc
Ⅴ 连词
并列连词
表示意义的引申: and; both…and; not only…but(also); as well as; and …as well; neither…nor
表示选择: or; either…or
表示转折: but; while; whereas; yet; however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词)
表示因果: for; so; therefore; hence
从属连词
表示时间: when; while; as; after; before; since; until(till); as soon as; once
表示原因: because; as; since; now that; seeing that
表示条件: if; unless; in case; provided(that); suppose; as long as; on condition (that);
表示其他关系: (al)though; than; as/so…as; lest; in order that; so…that
Ⅵ 定语从句
限制和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分; 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质; 去掉了不会影响主要意义; 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开。
The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained。
The boys; who wanted to play football; were disappointed when it rained。
如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词; 或是带有形容词性物主代词(my; his; etc)或形容词性指示代词(this; that; etc)作限定词; 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:
Mary Smith; who is in the corner; wants to meet you。
Her mother; who had long suffered form arthritis; died last night。
All these books; which have been donated by visiting professors; are to be used by the postgraduates。
在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人; 用which指物;通常不用that替代。
My father; who had been on a visit to America; returned yesterday。
All the books; which had pictures in them; were sent to the little girl。
定语从句的引导词
that; who; whom: 非限制性定语从句; 如果修饰人; 一般用who; 有时用that (作主语时用who较多)。 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语; 就应当用宾格 whom 或that; 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉; 在口语中可用who代替whom。
Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for。
He is a man (that) you can safely depend on。
The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes。
There are some people here who I want you to meet。
但在介词后只能用whom:
This is the man to whom I referred。
但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去; 这时可用that; 但省略时更多一些。
Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?
Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin。
The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin。
限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”; 用关系代词that的时候较多; 也有时用which。。 当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时; 在绝大多数情况下都是省略的; 特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all; everything等词时):
Have you everything you need?
(Is there) anything I can do for you?
All you have to do is to press the button。
在介词后只能用which; 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去; 这时可以用that; 但省略的时候更多一些:
The tool with which he is working is called a wrench。
The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench。
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion。
This is the question (that) we’ve had so much discussion about。
定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的; 但间或也可以修饰整个句子a); 或是句子的一部分 b); 引导词用which:
They have invited me to visit their country; which is very kind of them。
The activity was postponed; which was exactly what we wanted
When deeply absorbed in work; which he often was; he would fet all about eating and sleeping。
She was very patient towards the children; which her husband seldom was。
whose: 在表示“...的”这个概念时; 可用所有格 whose; whose 用于指物; 有时可与of which交替使用; 通常的词序是 名词词组 + of which:
Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast?
We had a meeting whose purpose was pletely unclear。 (…the purpose of which was…)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve pletely fotten。 (…whose name I’ve…)
of which前的名词词组也可以由some; any; none; all; both; several; enough; many; most; few以及基数词担任; 这些词也能用在 of whom之前。