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This is bound to be found out。
There are a lot of things to be done。
She was too young to be assigned such work。
功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a); 宾语 (b); 表语 (c); 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e)。
a。 To scold her would not be just。
b。 We are planning to build a reservoir here。
c。 One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture。
d。 Do you have anything to declare?
e。 We have e to learn from you。
不带to 的不定式:
在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中; 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see; hear; watch; smell; feel; notice等; 或是表示“致使”意义的 have; make; let等; 其后的不定式结构不带to。
John made her tell him everything。
这类结构转换为被动语态时; 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式。
She was made to tell him everything。
在 had better; had best; would rather; would sooner; would just as soon; might (just) as well; cannot but 等搭配之后; 动词不定式也不带to。
I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast。
They cannot but accept his term。
在make do; make believe; let drop; let fall; let fly; let slip; let drive; let go of; let there be; hear say; hear tell; leave go of等固定搭配中; 用不带to的动词不定式。
John let fly a torrent of abuse at me。
I’ve heard tell of him。
在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式; 也可用带to的不定式。
Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?
在介词except; but 之后; 如果其前有动词do的某种形式; 不定式一般不带to; 反之带to。
There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining。
Smith will do anything but work on a farm。
There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining。
连词 rather than; sooner than 置于句首时; 其后的不定式不带to。
Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do; he forced himself to pick it up。
出现在句中其他位置时; 其后的不定式有时带to; 有时不带to。
He decided to write rather than telephone。
The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages。
用作补语的动词不定式; 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”,“thing +关系分句”,“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成,并带有do的某种形式,这时,作为主语补语的不定式可以省to,也可以不省。
What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing。
All you do now is plete the form
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself。
The thing to do now is clear up this mess。
The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue。
不定式的其他用法
too…to 结构通常表示否定意义:
She was too young to understand all that。
enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:
She was not old enough to understand all that。
not too; but too; all too; only too等和不定式连用时;不定式一般不表示否定意义:
He’s only too pleased to help her。
so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:
Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free。
如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的; 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good。
It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally。
在以某些形容词(如 kind; good; nice; wise; unwise; clever; silly; wrong; right; foolish; stupid; careless; considerate; rude; naughty; impolite等)作表语时; 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语; 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:
It’s kind of you to think so much of us。
(It is) Awfully good of you to e and meet us。
It’s very nice of you to be so considerate。
It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal。
V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)
形式
完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生; 通常用动名词的完成形式。
He didn’t mention having met me。
I regret not having taken her advice。
在某些动词后(或成语中); 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式; 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的。
Excuse me for ing late。
I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere。
现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中; 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。
Having been there many times; he offered to be our guide。
Having found the cause; they were able to propose a remedy。
另外; 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式。
The guests having left; they resumed their discussion。
The children; having eating their fill; were allowed to leave the table。
被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时; 动名词一般要用被动形式。
His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness。
He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that。
但要注意; 在want; need; deserve; require 等动词后; 尽管表示的是被动的意思; 却用动名词的主动形式。
My pen needs filling。
The point deserves mentioning。
This problem requires studying with great care。
在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样。
Her method is worth trying。
现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语; 宾语补足语; 状语及用于独立结构中。
This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory。
You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere。
Being asked to give a performance; she couldn’t very well refuse。
These are sold at reduced prices; the defects always being pointed out to the customers。
完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生; 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式。
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method。
但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式; 而用一般被动形式代替; 以免句子显得累赘。
现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中。
Having been given such a good chance; how could she let it slip away?
The decision having been made; the next problem was how to make a good plan。
All the positions having been written and collected; the teacher sent the students home。
句法功用
作主语:
Walking is good exercise。
It’s nice talking to you。
There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity。
作宾语:
Your shoes need polishing。
You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over。
He avoided giving us a definite answer。
作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多。 它常可以用在某些成语后面; 常见的有: insist on; persist in; think of; dream of; object to; suspect…of; accuse…of; charge…with; hear of; approve of; prevent…from; keep…from; stop…from; refrain from; be engaged in; look forward to; opposed to; depend on; thank…for; feel like; excuse…for; aim at; devote…to; set about; spend…in; get (be) used to; be fond of; be capable of; be afraid of; be tired of; be sick of; succeed in; be interested in; feel (be) ashamed of; be proud of; be keen on; be responsible for。
作表语:
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people。
动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语。 一般说来; 在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词; 在表示具体某词动作; 特别是将来的动作时; 多用不定式。
作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see; hear; notice; watch; feel; find; keep; get; have等动词后作宾语补足语。
The words immediately set us all laughing。
Once we caught him dozing off in class。
His remark left me wondering what he was driving at。
在see; hear; feel; watch; notice等动词后; 及可用现在分词; 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语。 用现在分词时; 表示动作正在发生; 用不定式时表示动作发生了。
Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
Yes; I did。 I heard him knock three times。
作状语: 现在分词作状语时; 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作; 来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬。
I ran out of the house shouting。
I got home; feeling very tired。
Driving to Chicago that night; I was struck by a sudden thought。
现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因; 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句。
Not knowing her address; we couldn’t get in touch with her。
Seeing nobody at home; she decided to leave them a note。
Having alrea