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in the United tates?
Because most plaintiffs as well as their lawyers would
prefer to choose he tort claim even though they may also
make their suits on the contract aw。 Many circumstances co
ntribute to this (a) the plaintiff in an American ivil suit is
ordinarily entitled to try his claim before a jury which will
often 一and understandably 一rely more on human than on l
egal considera…dons。(h) compensation and damages include n
ot only the actual lass but also the intangible damage。(c )
American law permits the participation of the attorney in th
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e plaintiff's recovery which oat uncommonly amounts 25 to
33 percent of the verdict。
2 。 What is contingent fee?
It denotes an agreement that no fee will be charged for
the lawyer's services unless the lawsuit is successful or is
settled out of court。 Usually; a contingent fee calls for large
r compensation to lie paid than the lawyer would normally
charge; often a percentage of the money recovered or the
money saved; to compensate for the risk involved。
3 。Why do the tort law and the contract law often ove
rlap?
Because an injured party in a tort case may often have
a contract claim; for instance; for breach of warranty。
4。 When will parents he liable for their child's tortious
act'?
At the time when parents acted as the child's agent or
did not comply with their duty to supervise。
5。What are the so…called 〃dram…shop acts〃 about?
The 〃dram…shop acts〃 provide that a party injured as a
result of the intoxication of the tortfeasor has a claim agai
nst those who oontrihuted to the tnrtfeasnr's intoxication。
6。What is an intentional tort?
A land of tart Clone deliberately and usually intet}ed t
o cause harm。 F〃or instances: battE:ry; assault; oa}nversion
of px}perty; false impiisarunent; trespass to personal and re
al proper。
7。 What is the basic factor in deciding tart liability for
negligence?
A parson is negligent if he has not complied with his
〃duty of care〃 and has not acted as“a reasonable and prude
nt man〃
8。 What is the comparative negligence doctrine?
The 〃comparative negligence〃 doctrine requires that the
respective degree of negligence of both parties be determi
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ned and compensation assessed accordingly。
9 。What are the two trends in the tort law development
in the United States?
The strict。liability and the No…Fault principle。
10。 What is the No…Fault principle?
In American law,the No…Fault principle originally appl
ies to auto…insurance and divorce field。 It was transplan
ted to tort law that a compensation is awarded withou
t proof of fault。
三、相关知识
侵权法,是指在人们的人身、经济和名誉等民事权益遭
到他人有意或无意地侵犯而蒙受损害的情况下,由法院出面
裁定责任,给予受害人应有的民事赔偿的一种法律制度,又
称作“民事损害赔偿法”。美国侵权法是在继承英国普通法的
基础上形成的;伴随着美国经济和社会的发展而不断调整和
完善,现已形成一套范围广泛、内容繁杂的法律体系。从内
容上说,美国侵权法在19 世纪侧重于保护对制造商、厂商及
政府的权益,在20 世纪以后以保护雇员、个人和消费者的利
益为重点。当代,美国侵权法则处处体现出刘个人人身和私
有财产权利的高度保护,它将合同法、财产法、刑法等法律
中所没有涵盖的民事责任都统统管辖起来,同时在内部发展
出故意侵权、过失侵权、严格责任、公害、产品责任、诽谤、
侵犯隐私、虚假表述等复杂的侵权责任理论。从功能卜讲,
美国侵权法以补偿损失、倡导正义和防患未然为目的,在维
护与协调美国经济发展与社会秩序方面功不可没。下文主要
介绍侵权责任、侵权行为和抗辩事由三部分重要内容。
(一)侵权责任
侵权责任,依据过错程度的不同,可以分为三种类型:故
意侵权责任,过失侵权责任和严格侵权责任。
1。故意浸权责任。
所谓“故意”,是指侵权人期望某种损害结果或者确信某
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种损害结果将为发生的主观状态;确定“故意,,的依据是客观
行为,即依据当时存在的旁证推敲和分析〔。故意和动机不
同:虽然二者都与人的思想有关,但故意是希望引起某种后果
的愿望,而动机只是一个人行为的原因。构成故意侵权责任
的要件是:故意〔而非动机)、行为和因果关系,即被告要有侵
权的故意,还要实施了浸权的行为,并且被告的行为与原告
的伤害之间存在着因果关系。
2。过失侵权责任。
所谓“过失”,也就是,’非故意”,是指侵权人的行为低
于合理的注意标准(保护他人不受损害的必要标准)时的主观
心理状态。过失与故意不同:故意侵权对将要发生的后果不仅
是希望,而且是肯定的;如果一个人的行为只造成了一个可预
见伤害的风险,这个风险可能实现,也可能消失,那么他的
行为就是过失,而不是故意。构成过失侵权责任的要件是:(1)
责任,指被告有责任按照一定的标准行动以避免给其他人带
来不合理的危险; (2 )不履行责任,即被告没有按照这个标准
行动;(3)实际损失或伤害,即受害人遭受到实际损失或伤害;(4)
因果关系,即被告人的过失行为与受害人遭受的伤害之间有
因果关系。可见,过失侵权责任和故意侵权责任的区别不仅
在于“过失”和“故意”的主观状态不同,也表现为是否以
“实际损失或伤害”为要件。确定过失侵权责任,就是要根
据行为人的过失大小来决定他要承担的法律后果。
3。严格侵权责任。
严格侵权责任,又称绝对责任或无过错责任,是指被告
虽既无侵权的故意也无过失,但还是发生了本应避免的伤害
事故,依据法律规定应该承担严格侵权责任。构成严格责任
的要件是:(1)被告负有保证他人安全的绝对责任;(2)被告未能
履行其责任;(3)被告未能履行责任与原告的伤害有因果关系;
(4)原告受伤害事实的发生。严格侵权责任包括危险物品侵权
责任、动物侵权责任、产品责任等。
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(二)侵权行为
浸权行为,依据客体不同,可以划分为侵犯人身权的行
为和侵犯财产权的行为。前者包括:殴打、威胁、非法监禁、
诽谤、侵犯他人隐私、虚假表述等;后者包括:对土地的不法侵
害、对动产的不法侵害及侵占。此外,还有些浸权行为既可
能侵犯财产权,也可能侵犯人身权,如公害、从事超常危险
活动的侵权、动物侵权及产品责任侵权等。下面,择要予以
简介。
1。殴打(battery)