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规定了一套复杂的诉讼程序。1963 年,以伯明翰黑人示威为
爆发点的新的黑人斗争浪潮席卷全国,肯尼迪政府在对黑人
血腥镇压的同时,向国会提出第七个民权法案,于1964 年7
月被继任的约翰逊政府签署生效。1969 年则通过第八个民权
法案。主要在住房方面规定取消种族隔离。
前后这八个民权法案中,以1964 年民权法案规定的内容
最为广泛,下面将其主要内容予以介绍:
1。规定“在选民登记中对不同种族的人,要采用统一的标
准”,不得歧视。
2 规定“在使用公共膳宿处和公共设备方面,不得实行种
族歧视”。该法对上述规定宣布三项例外,丘间房以下的公寓,
非用税收建立的公共设施和不向公众出租的私人设施;
3。规定“公立学校中要取消种族隔离”。联邦最高法院确
立的“隔离但平等”的原则,是长期以来在学校、交通、旅
馆、戏院等公共场所,推行种族隔离的法律根据。1954 年布
朗案取消了在公立学校实行的种族隔离。现在1964 年民权法
案,又以法律形式确认此项规定。
4。规定“就业机会均等”,取消在就业方面的种族歧视。
5。规定“保障黑人公民权利的诉讼程序”。
Lesson Nine Contract Law(第九课
合同法)
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法律英语学习参考书何家弘主编
一、课文要点与难点
1。real property(第l08 页第2 段第7 行):
不动产。根据布莱克法律词典的解释,不动产是指土地
和任何生长于或是附属于土地的物,但是那些可以从土地上
移除并且不会对土地造成损害的物除外。不动产不仅可以是
有形的,如建筑物;也可以是无形的,如在他人土地上的通行
权(easement)。需要指出的是,根据该字典的解释;real proper
ty 也可以称为real estate(其本意是地产的意思)。
2。bodies of law(第108 页第2 段第8 行):
此处作者用了拟人的写法,实质上是指与所有权相关的
法律,包括成文的code(法典)和判例法。可以将bodies 这一
拟人化词语去掉,直接理解为different laws relating to。 。 。
需要指出的是,英语中有一个十分近似的法律用语—body of
laws,专指法典汇编。
3 。some types of conduct that we call 〃fraud〃 can cons
titute both a breach of wntract and a tart(第110 页第2 段第
b 行):
某些被称作欺诈的行为同时构成了违约和侵权。此处指
的是侵权和违约行为的竞合(concurrence)。
4。statutes; ordinances(第11a 页第3 段第7 行):
statute 指制定法,在英美法中,专指由立法机关所制定
的法律,表现为正式的法律文件,其制定机关不一定是议会
或是国会,例如在美国,联邦、州、市或县的立法机关均可
制定,该词在使用时专指以立法的形式创设的法律,与法院
判决所形成的判例法相对立;ordinance 是指条例,主要用于美
国英语中,特指由各市的立法机关通过的法规,也成为muni
cipal law。在英国英语中,与其对应的是bylaws;而在美国英
语中,bylaws 则是指除公可章程之外的内部规则。
5。blind adherence to(第111 页第3 段第1 行):
盲目的遵守、遵从。
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法律英语学习参考书何家弘主编
b。construction(第112 页第2 段第9 行):
解释。指对法律、条例、判决或其他法律规范含义及其
适用所作的说明;也指对合同、遗嘱等法律文书或日头协议就
其用语复杂、含糊不清或适用有争议的部分进行恰当的解释,
以确定其含义和目的。其动词形式为construe。同时,“解释”
一词,也可以用interpret。
二、练习问题的参考答案
1 。What is a contract?
Contract ordinarily connotes an agreement between tw
o or more persons 一not merely a shared belief; but a com
mon understanding as to something which is to be done in
the future by one ar both of them。Sometimes; the term cont
ract is used also to refer to a document 一the set of papers
in which such an agreement is set forth。
2 。Please give some example about tangible things and
intangible things。
A bulldoaer; a diamond ring; the Empire State Buil
ding etc are tangible things and 〃Gone With the Wind〃 is i
ntangible things。
3。 What are the individual rights that may need legal p
rotection?
Property rights and personal rights。
4。 What acts are criminal but oat tortious?
Tlce acts which are not against individuals but against
the state are criminal but not tortious; such as treason and t
ax evasion
5 。What acts are tortious but not criminal?
The acts which although violate the personal and prope
rty rights but the society does not deem them serious enoug
h to be deterred by the threat of severe punishment; and on
ly some kind of remedy is made available to the individual
s so injured,are tortious but not criminal; such as slander。
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法律英语学习参考书何家弘主编
6 。Why da people want to convey the right of ownersh
ip to some other persons?
In exchange for something else of value; such as mon
ey; or the ownership of same other property。
7。 What is the function of contract law in our society?
The law of contracts is our society's legal mechanism f
or protecting the expectations that arise from the making of
agreements for the future exchange of various types of pe
rformance; such as the conveyance of property(tangible and
intangible ),the performance of services; and the payment
of money。
8。 What are the sources of contract law?
The sources of contract taw fail generally into two cate
gories: primary and secondary。 Primary authority; commonly
viewed by lawyers and judges as the law itself; consis
ts of prior judicial decisions and statutes;ordinances;
and the lilte。 Secondary authority might be very loosely defi
ned as anything else which could appropriately influence a
court; such as commentary by legal scholars and the
American Law Institute's Restatements of the law。
9。 What are the differences between judicial opinions a
nd statutory law'?
The judicial opinions are judge…made law; rules disti
lled from a composite of court decisions in prior cases。 The
statutory law refers to a legislative act that the state gives
the farce of law。
10。What is the Restatement of Contracts?
The summaries of the rules of common law in the fiel
d of contract prepared and promulgated by the American La
w